Influence of d(+)-glucosamine on infection rates and parasite loads in tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) infected with Trypanosoma brucei

Mihok, Steve; Otieno, L. H.; Darji, N; Munyinyi, D. M.

doi:10.1016/0001-706x(92)90040-5

Cited by 19 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Blood from goats, in particular, facilitated infection in the Ry. Nearly all host-related and tsetse-related differences in infection rates were eliminated by adding D (+)-glucosamine (GlcN) to the infective meal, reproducing observations with other experimental systems (Mihok et al, 1992). GlcN i s thought to act as a specific inhibitor of tsetse midgut lectin(s) (Maudlin, 1991), but the mechanism of action has yet to be fully elucidated in vivo.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 62%

“…For example, ammonia from metabolized GlcN could induce a substantial pH change in the gut environment (at 0.06 M), or could inhibit or poison metabolic processes. These physiological alternatives to lectin inhibition are supported by high mortality rates in tsetse fed GlcN and parasites (Mihok et al, 1992(Mihok et al, , 1993, but not GlcN alone (this paper). Differentiating between these alternative mechanisms of action will require further experimentation and biochemical studies of the products and fate of GlcN metabolism in the fly midgut.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 57%

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Relationships between protease activity, host blood and infection rates in Glossina morsitans sspp. infected with Trypanosoma congolense, T.brucei and T.simiae

Mihok

Stiles

Mpanga

et al. 1994

Medical Vet Entomology

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Midgut protease activity in Glossina morsitans centralis and G.m. morsitans, at 48 h post bloodmeal averaged 1.8IU of trypsin-like activity. These two tsetse subspecies differ in their susceptibility to trypanosome infection. Except for low levels in flies fed on waterbuck blood (0.7 IU), activity did not differ in flies fed a variety of host bloods (goat, pig, cow, buffalo, eland) and trypanosome species (Trypanosoma congolense, T. brucei, T. simiae). Protease activity was also not correlated with infection rates, despite large differences in infection rates among experiments. Nevertheless, addition of 0.06 M D(+)-glucosamine to parasitaemic blood resulted in a three-fold reduction in protease activity, coincident with a large increase in infection rate. This effect did not occur when parasites or D(+)-glucosamine were added alone to the bloodmeal, suggesting that the effect was due to metabolism of D(+)-glucosamine by parasites.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 62%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 57%

Relationships between protease activity, host blood and infection rates in Glossina morsitans sspp. infected with Trypanosoma congolense, T.brucei and T.simiae

Mihok

Stiles

Mpanga

et al. 1994

Medical Vet Entomology

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“…Trypanocidal lectins may play a role. There is indirect evidence that some infections are terminated by the action of trypanocidal lectins in the midgut, since the proportion of infected flies can be significantly increased by feeding glucosamine, a lectin-binding sugar [17,18]. However, glucosamine has other effects, notably the inhibition of tsetse midgut trypsin: the same concentration of glucosamine used to enhance midgut infection rates inhibited about 40% of the proteolytic action of trypsin in vivo [19].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The development of Trypanosoma bruceiwithin the tsetse fly midgut observed using green fluorescent trypanosomes

Gibson

Bailey

2003

Kinetoplastid Biol Dis

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Background: The protozoan pathogen, Trypanosoma brucei, undergoes complex cycles of differentiation and multiplication in its vector, the tsetse fly, genus Glossina. Flies are refractory to infection and resistance mechanisms operate at a number of levels and timepoints. Here we have used highly conspicuous green fluorescent trypanosomes to study the early events in establishment of infection in the fly midgut.

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“…Previous experiments indicated that a positive correlation might exist between high Sodalis densities and trypanosome infection rates (23,39). This hypothesis is based on the fact that lectins, which exhibit potent trypanocidal activity (38), are inhibited by sugars (i.e., N-acetylglucosamine) produced as by-products of the Sodalismediated metabolism of tsetse fly chitin (25,40). Our findings of similar symbiont densities is somewhat surprising considering that palpalis group flies (G. fuscipes fuscipes) are more refractory to trypanosome infection than flies belonging to the morsitans group (17).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interspecific Transfer of Bacterial Endosymbionts between Tsetse Fly Species: Infection Establishment and Effect on Host Fitness

Weiss

Mouchotte

Rio

et al. 2006

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) can harbor up to three distinct species of endosymbiotic bacteria that exhibit unique modes of transmission and evolutionary histories with their host. Two mutualist enterics, Wigglesworthia and Sodalis, are transmitted maternally to tsetse flies' intrauterine larvae. The third symbiont, from the genus Wolbachia, parasitizes developing oocytes. In this study, we determined that Sodalis isolates from several tsetse fly species are virtually identical based on a phylogenetic analysis of their ftsZ gene sequences. Furthermore, restriction fragment-length polymorphism analysis revealed little variation in the genomes of Sodalis isolates from tsetse fly species within different subgenera (Glossina fuscipes fuscipes and Glossina morsitans morsitans). We also examined the impact on host fitness of transinfecting G. fuscipes fuscipes and G. morsitans morsitans flies with reciprocal Sodalis strains. Tsetse flies cleared of their native Sodalis symbionts were successfully repopulated with the Sodalis species isolated from a different tsetse fly species. These transinfected flies effectively transmitted the novel symbionts to their offspring and experienced no detrimental fitness effects compared to their wild-type counterparts, as measured by longevity and fecundity. Quantitative PCR analysis revealed that transinfected flies maintained their Sodalis populations at densities comparable to those in flies harboring native symbionts. Our ability to transinfect tsetse flies is indicative of Sodalis ' recent evolutionary history with its tsetse fly host and demonstrates that this procedure may be used as a means of streamlining future paratransgenesis experiments.

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Influence of d(+)-glucosamine on infection rates and parasite loads in tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) infected with Trypanosoma brucei

Cited by 19 publications

References 24 publications

Relationships between protease activity, host blood and infection rates in Glossina morsitans sspp. infected with Trypanosoma congolense, T.brucei and T.simiae

Relationships between protease activity, host blood and infection rates in Glossina morsitans sspp. infected with Trypanosoma congolense, T.brucei and T.simiae

The development of Trypanosoma bruceiwithin the tsetse fly midgut observed using green fluorescent trypanosomes

Interspecific Transfer of Bacterial Endosymbionts between Tsetse Fly Species: Infection Establishment and Effect on Host Fitness

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