Influence of Different Drying Methods on Anthocyanins Composition and Antioxidant Activities of Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) Pericarps and LC-MS Analysis of the Active Extract

Abstract

Mangosteen pericarps (MP) often end up as agricultural waste despite being rich in powerful natural antioxidants such as anthocyanins and xanthones. This study compared the effect of different drying processes and times on phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities of MP. Fresh MP were subjected to 36 and 48 h of freeze-drying (−44 ± 1 °C) and oven-drying (45 ± 1 °C), and 30 and 40 h of sun-drying (31 ± 3 °C). The samples were analyzed for anthocyanins composition, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), antioxidant activities, and color characteristics. Analysis of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) with electrospray ionization identified two anthocyanins in MP: cyanidin-3-O-sophoroside and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside. Overall, the drying process, time, and their interactions significantly (p < 0.05) influenced the phenolic compounds, antioxidant activities, and color in MP extracts. Both freeze-drying after 36 h (FD36) and 48 h (FD48) possessed significantly (p < 0.05) higher total anthocyanins (2.1–2.2 mg/g) than other samples. However, FD36 was associated with significantly (p < 0.05) higher TPC (~94.05 mg GAE/g), TFC (~621.00 mg CE/g), and reducing power (~1154.50 μmol TE/g) compared to FD48. Moreover, FD36 is more efficient for industrial applications due to less time and energy consumption. Subsequently, obtained dried MP extracts could be further utilized as an alternative to synthetic food colorants.

Pressurized Hot Water Extraction of Mangosteen Pericarp and Its Associated Molecular Signatures in Endothelial Cells

“…For the current work, three marker compounds-α-Mangostin, γ-Mangostin and Gartanin-were selected to evaluate the extraction efficiency. Specifically, LC/MSMS was performed to identify the presence of α-Mangostin, γ-Mangostin and Gartanin from MPE with reference to the MSMS spectra obtained from the reference standards (Table 1, Supplementary Figure S1), which is also consistent with a recent report [40]. Subsequently, concentrations of the target compounds were determined at the various applied temperatures based on external calibration via reverse calculation using the peak areas and standard curves produced during the LC/UV methodology, as previously mentioned [41].…”

Effect of Preharvest Treatment Using Jasmonic Acid and Methyl Jasmonate on the Physicochemical Properties and Antioxidant Activities of Red-fleshed Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus L.)

“…The antioxidant capacity of flesh and peels was carried out according to Nawawi et al (2023) with slight modifications in the solvent used, concentration of DPPH solution and the ratio of sample to DPPH solution. An amount of 0-2,000 µM of Trolox solution was measured using a spectrophotometer at 517 nm.…”