Influence of Dispersion and Orientation on Polyamide-6 Cellulose Nanocomposites Manufactured through Liquid-Assisted Extrusion

Abstract

In this study, the possibility of adding nanocellulose and its dispersion to polyamide 6 (PA6), a polymer with a high melting temperature, is investigated using melt extrusion. The main challenges of the extrusion of these materials are achieving a homogeneous dispersion and avoiding the thermal degradation of nanocellulose. These challenges are overcome by using an aqueous suspension of never-dried nanocellulose, which is pumped into the molten polymer without any chemical modification or drying. Furthermore, polyethylene glycol is tested as a dispersant for nanocellulose. The dispersion, thermal degradation, and mechanical and viscoelastic properties of the nanocomposites are studied. The results show that the dispersant has a positive impact on the dispersion of nanocellulose and that the liquid-assisted melt compounding does not cause the degradation of nanocellulose. The addition of only 0.5 wt.% nanocellulose increases the stiffness of the neat polyamide 6 from 2 to 2.3 GPa and shifts the tan δ peak toward higher temperatures, indicating an interaction between PA6 and nanocellulose. The addition of the dispersant decreases the strength and modulus but has a significant effect on the elongation and toughness. To further enhance the mechanical properties of the nanocomposites, solid-state drawing is used to create an oriented structure in the polymer and nanocomposites. The orientation greatly improves its mechanical properties, and the oriented nanocomposite with polyethylene glycol as dispersant exhibits the best alignment and properties: with orientation, the strength increases from 52 to 221 MPa, modulus from 1.4 to 2.8 GPa, and toughness 30 to 33 MJ m−3 in a draw ratio of 2.5. This study shows that nanocellulose can be added to PA6 by liquid-assisted extrusion with good dispersion and without degradation and that the orientation of the structure is a highly-effective method for producing thermoplastic nanocomposites with excellent mechanical properties.

Polyamide‐6/cellulose nanocomposites: Influence of fiber treatment and screw rotation on nanofibrillation of jute during extrusion process

“…This effect can be attributed to a greater orientation of the polymer chains when processed at higher screw speeds. The increase in crystallinity favors a rise in the amount of γ polyamide 6 crystals after the orientation process and their much closer packing, allowing the crystallites to be formed from the previously amorphous region 29 …”

“…The increase in crystallinity favors a rise in the amount of γ polyamide 6 crystals after the orientation process and their much closer packing, allowing the crystallites to be formed from the previously amorphous region. 29 Figure 8 shows DSC thermograms of composites. For composite C ha (Figure 8a), the degree of crystallinity increased with the increase of screw rotation from 80 up to 100 rpm.…”

Preparation, Characterization and Industrial Application of Nanocellulose

“…This Special Issue also covers relevant aspects related to nanocellulose applications, with a special emphasis on their use as coating agents for paper [ 3 , 9 , 10 , 11 ], for the reinforcement of nanocomposites [ 6 ], and one research article is devoted to wastewater treatment [ 12 , 13 ].…”