Influence of drying restraint on physical and mechanical properties of nanofibrillated cellulose films

Báez, Carlos; Considine, John; Rowlands, R. E.

doi:10.1007/s10570-013-0159-1

Cited by 50 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…This creates a need for understanding the physical properties of such films to predict their performance as a coating layer. Numerous researchers have investigated the mechanical [9,[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20], barrier [21][22][23][24][25] and optical [11,17,[26][27][28][29] properties of neat CNF films and composite CNF films containing clay [30][31][32] or CaCO 3 [32] as reinforcement phase. Comprehensive literature reviews on the same have come up recently [7,[33][34][35][36][37].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transparent nanocellulose-pigment composite films

et al. 2015

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Biodegradable coatings and films of cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) or a combination of CNFs and inorganic fillers, such as clay or calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ), can provide a replacement for non-biodegradable plastic coatings as barrier layers in packaging boards. In this work, transparent composite films were prepared from CNFs of Pinus radiata and Eucalyptus using different amounts of clay and CaCO 3 as fillers. The impact of raw material (softwood vs. hardwood), TEMPO oxidation levels and filler type (clay vs. CaCO 3 ) on film properties was studied. Pinus radiata CNF films had superior mechanical properties to Eucalyptus CNF films, but no significant differences were observed in the barrier and optical properties. Clay seemed to work better as filler compared to CaCO 3 , in terms of its impact on film properties. Composite films with CaCO 3 as filler were highly brittle with inferior properties to clay-CNF films, and an uneven distribution and agglomeration of the CaCO 3 mineral particles was evident in SEM images. Based on the results, clay as filler in CNF coatings is preferred for targeting packaging board applications. Rheological characterisation of the CNF suspensions revealed shear-thinning behaviour, with the CNF from Eucalyptus having higher viscosities and lower power-law indices when compared to the CNF from P. radiata.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transparent nanocellulose-pigment composite films

et al. 2015

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“…The strength of cellulose nanocomposites is found to rely heavily on the properties of the network [6], suggesting that controlling the fiber structure is a critical step in preparing composites with desirable properties. Various methods such as wet stretching [7,8], dry spinning [9,10], wet spinning [11,12] and hydrodynamic alignment [13] can be utilized to anisotropically orient CNFs and to improve the properties, but the resulting materials are either thread-like single filaments or thin paper-like sheets that are not readily compatible with structural applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cellulose nanofiber aerogels impregnated with bio-based epoxy using vacuum infusion: Structure, orientation and mechanical properties

Nissilä

Karhula

Saarakkala

et al. 2018

Composites Science and Technology

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Cellulose nanofiber aerogels were used as preforms that were impregnated with a bio-epoxy resin via a widely used vacuum infusion process. The simple and straightforward nanocomposite processing approach resulted in an almost 70 % improvement in the storage modulus of the polymer with only an 11.7 wt% cellulose nanofiber content. The nanofibers were well dispersed in the polymer matrix and the fiber structures were anisotropically aligned. The impregnation time of the aerogels was also significantly lower than that of the more commonly used nanopapers. It was thus shown that environmentally friendly and mechanically robust nanocomposites could be produced by impregnating cellulose nanofiber aerogels with a thermosetting resin, using a processing approach that has a potential to be scaled up for commercial use.

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“…Another issue in the manufacturing of films using NFC is the shrinkage and distortion of the structure because of faster evaporation rate on surface than the mass transport of moisture within the material. When strong enough gradient occurs, film distortions emerge because of local stresses [ 34 , 35 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Surfactant Type and Sonication Energy on the Electrical Conductivity Properties of Nanocellulose-CNT Nanocomposite Films

Siljander

Keinänen

Räty

et al. 2018

IJMS

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We present a detailed study on the influence of sonication energy and surfactant type on the electrical conductivity of nanocellulose-carbon nanotube (NFC-CNT) nanocomposite films. The study was made using a minimum amount of processing steps, chemicals and materials, to optimize the conductivity properties of free-standing flexible nanocomposite films. In general, the NFC-CNT film preparation process is sensitive concerning the dispersing phase of CNTs into a solution with NFC. In our study, we used sonication to carry out the dispersing phase of processing in the presence of surfactant. In the final phase, the films were prepared from the dispersion using centrifugal cast molding. The solid films were analyzed regarding their electrical conductivity using a four-probe measuring technique. We also characterized how conductivity properties were enhanced when surfactant was removed from nanocomposite films; to our knowledge this has not been reported previously. The results of our study indicated that the optimization of the surfactant type clearly affected the formation of freestanding films. The effect of sonication energy was significant in terms of conductivity. Using a relatively low 16 wt. % concentration of multiwall carbon nanotubes we achieved the highest conductivity value of 8.4 S/cm for nanocellulose-CNT films ever published in the current literature. This was achieved by optimizing the surfactant type and sonication energy per dry mass. Additionally, to further increase the conductivity, we defined a preparation step to remove the used surfactant from the final nanocomposite structure.

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Influence of drying restraint on physical and mechanical properties of nanofibrillated cellulose films

Cited by 50 publications

References 26 publications

Transparent nanocellulose-pigment composite films

Transparent nanocellulose-pigment composite films

Cellulose nanofiber aerogels impregnated with bio-based epoxy using vacuum infusion: Structure, orientation and mechanical properties

Effect of Surfactant Type and Sonication Energy on the Electrical Conductivity Properties of Nanocellulose-CNT Nanocomposite Films

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