Influence of dyke-type causeway on Urmia Lake (NW Iran); insights from water physico-chemical parameters seasonal (2019) changes

Mohammadi, Ali; Schwamborn, Georg; Kaveh‐Firouz, Amaneh; Çiner, Attila; Lak, Razyeh; Milani, Alireza Salehipour; Bi̇lteki̇n, Demet

doi:10.1016/j.jher.2023.03.002

Cited by 2 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Urmia Lake can be characterized as a thalassohaline lake in terms of the predominance of Na + and Cl À ions; also, the lake water salinity varies between 120 g/l and 380 g/l depending on location, water depth and season (e.g. Sorgeloos, 1997;Alipour, 2006;Karbassi et al, 2010;Sharifi et al, 2018;Lak et al, 2022;Mohammadi et al, 2023). Particularly, Aji-Chay River, which drains the Miocene evaporite-rich sedimentary rocks in the northeastern part of the catchment, is an important source of the lake water dissolved ions (Amini et al, 2010;Mohammadi et al, 2019Mohammadi et al, , 2021Mohammadi et al, , 2023Lak et al, 2022).…”

Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sorgeloos, 1997;Alipour, 2006;Karbassi et al, 2010;Sharifi et al, 2018;Lak et al, 2022;Mohammadi et al, 2023). Particularly, Aji-Chay River, which drains the Miocene evaporite-rich sedimentary rocks in the northeastern part of the catchment, is an important source of the lake water dissolved ions (Amini et al, 2010;Mohammadi et al, 2019Mohammadi et al, , 2021Mohammadi et al, , 2023Lak et al, 2022). In the middle part of the lake, a 15 km long stone causeway has limited the water exchange between the northern and southern parts of the lake since 1989, and it affects the lake hydrodynamic system by diverging currents, changing the sedimentation pattern and the water physico-chemical parameters (e.g.…”

Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the middle part of the lake, a 15 km long stone causeway has limited the water exchange between the northern and southern parts of the lake since 1989, and it affects the lake hydrodynamic system by diverging currents, changing the sedimentation pattern and the water physico-chemical parameters (e.g. Zeinoddini et al, 2009;Mohammadi et al, 2021Mohammadi et al, , 2023Lak et al, 2022).…”

Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Facies 5 depicts a lake-level lowering over the last 25 years (Mohammadi et al, 2021(Mohammadi et al, , 2023. The presence of a maximum of 3.20 m of pure evaporite deposits (>97% halite) covering the lake floor demonstrates that the lake undergoes a drastic change from a terrigenous-biochemical hypersaline lake to a chemical playa environment (Mohammadi et al, 2019(Mohammadi et al, , 2021.…”

Section: Modernmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hypersaline ecosystems have semi-arid/arid climates, high dissolved ion concentrations, alkaline water and low nutrient availability, and are thus considered exceptional natural laboratories. These ecosystems have been studied for reconstructing changes in their physicochemical, sedimentological and biological properties (Williams & Liebhold, 2002;Alipour, 2006;Oren, 2009;Lak et al, 2011Lak et al, , 2012Lak et al, , 2022Gajardo & Red ón, 2019;Mohammadi et al, 2021Mohammadi et al, , 2023.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sedimentary evolution and lake level fluctuations of Urmia Lake (north‐west Iran) over the past 50 000 years; insights from Artemia faecal pellet records

Sarı,

Mohammadi,

Schwamborn

et al. 2023

Sedimentology

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A 25 m long sediment core from hypersaline Urmia Lake (north‐west Iran) was studied for the Late Quaternary depositional history and palaeoclimate variations using the abundance and compositional characteristics of Artemia fecal pellets. Sediment analysis is supported by scanning electron microscopy – energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, organic and inorganic carbon contents measurements, and stable isotopes (δ13C and δ18O) from fecal pellet carbonates. The imprecise chronology of the core back to 50 kyr BP is supported by ten radiocarbon ages from fecal pellets and bulk sediments. The palaeoenvironmental record is subdivided into four periods: (i) During much of Marine Isotope Stage 3, a period of lake level lowering is characterized by a decreasing amount of fecal pellets, and an increasing amount of coated grains, sulphate minerals and reworked shell fragments. (ii) During late Marine Isotope Stage 3 and early Marine Isotope Stage 2 a lake level lowstand and a lake floor exposure is interpreted based on the relatively low abundance of pellets, which are multicoloured and appear together with volcanic lithics and rounded sulphate minerals. (iii) During late Marine Isotope Stage 2 the record is devoid of pellets but dominated by large sulphate crystals suggesting a prolonged low lake level. (iv) During Marine Isotope Stage 1 a relative lake level highstand is rapidly established with sediments that are highly abundant in fresh pellets. The modern lake level lowstand is represented by a salt crust. The δ13C and δ18O records measured from fecal pellet carbonates suggest a link with the precipitation versus evaporation balance in the lake over time. From bottom to top the linear trend towards more negative delta values illustrates the increasing amount of precipitation arriving at the lake from the Late Pleistocene to the Holocene. Two prominent isotope minima during the Late Pleistocene and one prominent minimum in the early Holocene mark relative high lake levels, which can also be linked to Lake Van in Turkey.

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Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Modernmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sedimentary evolution and lake level fluctuations of Urmia Lake (north‐west Iran) over the past 50 000 years; insights from Artemia faecal pellet records

Sarı,

Mohammadi,

Schwamborn

et al. 2023

Sedimentology

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Heterogeneous long-term and seasonal brine evolution, and Artemia fecal pellet controls on Urmia Lake (NW Iran) salt-crust formation and mineralogy

Mohammadi

2024

Journal of Sedimentary Research

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Urmia Lake resides as a substantial hypersaline lake characterized by notable fluctuations in water salinity, brine composition, and water level over long-term, annual, and seasonal intervals. Extremely rapid water elevation fall (> 7 m) in the last three decades has caused the formation of a salt crust on the lake floor. A manmade stone causeway divided the lake into two relatively deeper northern parts with minimal water inputs and a shallower southern part with maximal river inflows. Restricted water flow through the narrow water passage of the causeway leads to complex salinity processes, brine evolution, and salt-crust formation in Urmia Lake. This research analyzes the ionic composition of lake-sediment and salt-crust pore water, the mineralogy of salt crusts, and the ionic composition of both surface and deep lake waters during both the wet and dry seasons of 2019. The findings indicate that the northern and southern parts of the lake undergo stratification during wet seasons due to significant freshwater input, whereas they become homogenized during dry seasons through progressive evaporative concentration and water mixing. The spatial and temporal variations in the lake brine type (primary Na-Mg-Cl) and ionic composition contribute to the formation of a halite salt crust (NaCl > 97%) with heterogeneous mineralogy and thickness. In Urmia Lake, the variable thickness and mineralogy of the exposed marginal salt crust suggest rapid salt-crust reorganization by annual and seasonal deposition and dissolution processes. Conversely, the submerged central salt crust, with continuous thickening and constant mineralogy, remains unaffected by seasonal variations in brine type and dissolution processes. It is noteworthy to mention that Artemia (a brine shrimp) controls the mineralogy of the lake salt crust through the deposition of calcium and carbonate ions in the form of biochemical fecal pellets.

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Influence of dyke-type causeway on Urmia Lake (NW Iran); insights from water physico-chemical parameters seasonal (2019) changes

Cited by 2 publications

References 34 publications

Sedimentary evolution and lake level fluctuations of Urmia Lake (north‐west Iran) over the past 50 000 years; insights from Artemia faecal pellet records

Sedimentary evolution and lake level fluctuations of Urmia Lake (north‐west Iran) over the past 50 000 years; insights from Artemia faecal pellet records

Heterogeneous long-term and seasonal brine evolution, and Artemia fecal pellet controls on Urmia Lake (NW Iran) salt-crust formation and mineralogy

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