Influence of Early Feeding Mode on Body Composition of Infants

Butte, Nancy F.; Wong, William W.; Fiorotto, Marta L.; Smith, E. O’Brian; Garza, Cutberto

doi:10.1159/000244194

Cited by 21 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…This is consistent with the increase in fat mass in LGA infants, which presumably is a surrogate for the increased lean mass (35). This is also consistent with the report that skinfold thickness is correlated with fat-free mass (33).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Our data demonstrated that measured regional anthropometry, specifically, the circumference and skinfold measurements at various sites of the trunk and extremities, have strong correlation with lean and fat mass. This is consistent with high correlation between circumferences and fat-free or fat mass reported by other investigators (33). However, our data show that the relative explanatory value of regional anthropometry for body composition is much less than the classic whole-body anthropometry.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Body Composition in Neonates: Relationship Between Measured and Derived Anthropometry with Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry Measurements

2004

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This study examined the relationship between measured and derived anthropometric measurements with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry measured lean and fat mass at 3.0 Ϯ 2.8 (SD) days in 120 neonates with birth weights appropriate (AGA; n ϭ 74), large (LGA; n ϭ 30); or small (SGA, n ϭ 16) for gestational age. Anthropometric measurements, including total body weight and length, and regional measurements, including circumferences of head, chest, abdomen, midarm, and midthigh and dynamic skinfold thickness (15 and 60 s) at tricep, subscapular, suprailiac, and midthigh, were performed. Derived anthropometry included muscle and fat areas, and ratios were calculated from direct measurements. The skinfold thickness measurements between 15 and 60 s were highly correlated (r ϭ 0.973-0.996, p Ͻ 0.001 for all comparisons). Strong correlations existed within the four circumferences of trunk and extremities, the four skinfolds, and the ratios of weight to length and its higher powers. Weight and length accounted for Ͼ97% of the variance of lean mass in AGA and SGA infants and 46% of the variance in LGA infants and for 80, 82, and 84% of the variance of fat mass in SGA, AGA, and LGA infants, respectively, whereas midarm:head circumference ratio and arm muscle and fat areas are the most important derived anthropometry in the prediction for body composition. They independently accounted for up to 16.5 and 10.2%, respectively, of the variance in body composition depending on the state of in utero growth. Thus, total body weight and length and some selected regional and derived anthropometry accounted for the vast majority of the variance of body composition. (Pediatr Res 56: 694-700, 2004) Abbreviations AGA, appropriate for gestational age DXA, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry LGA, large for gestational age SGA, small for gestational age Weight, length, and head circumference are classic anthropometric measurements to assess growth and nutritional status in the newborn infant. Birth weight is well recognized to have prognostic value for postnatal mortality (1,2), and its use in conjunction with gestation is useful for predicting morbidity (3-6). The simplicity of these measurements and the ease in training an operator to generate highly reproducible results have ensured their use in clinical situations. However, the clinical role of regional anthropometric measurement including circumference and skinfold thickness from various sites on the body and extremities is not well defined. Some reports indicated that regional anthropometry or the ratios and formulas derived from these measurements are good predictors of fetal growth and metabolic disturbances noted in neonates who are over-or undergrown for the duration of gestation (7-9). These refinements of regional anthropometry are thought to reflect more specific body composition, namely lean mass and fat mass (10,11), which allows assessment of the quality of growth such as the extent of energy, fat and protein deposition, and the potential mechanism for disturbed metabolism in infa...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Body Composition in Neonates: Relationship Between Measured and Derived Anthropometry with Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry Measurements

2004

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“…De Curtis et al (32) found no difference in body composition or weight gain composition between BF and formula fed infants at the age of 2 mo. Two other studies have shown that body fat at 3-4 mo is higher and FFM lower in BF infants than in formula-fed infants (33,34), but these differences are no longer apparent at 1 y of age (33)(34)(35). Similarly, this study found no differences before 3 mo but a trend for lower FFM and higher % fat at 4 mo in BF infants.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 56%

Body Composition From Birth to 4.5 Months in Infants Born to Non-Obese Women

2010

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Infant body composition is affected by maternal obesity, which results in increased % body fat in the infant. With the rapidly increasing incidence of obesity, it is important that normative data are available for infant body composition that is not affected by this trend in maternal obesity. This study assessed body composition in infants born at term to women with a BMI between 18.5 and 25. Infant % body fat, fat mass (FM), and fat free mass (FFM) were assessed at birth, 6 wk, 3 mo, and 4.5 mo of age by air displacement plethysmography, using the PEA POD body composition system. The effects of age, gender, GA, and feeding mode on these parameters were assessed. The % body fat doubled between birth and 6 wk of age and then increased at a slower rate. FFM was higher in male infants at all ages, whereas % body fat was higher in female infants at 4.5 mo. There was a trend to increased % fat and decreased FFM in breastfed (BF) infants. The study provides unique data regarding changes in infant body composition and growth in infants born to women in the healthy weight range. (Pediatr Res 68: 84-88, 2010) B ody composition in early life may play a key role in the programming of a variety of health outcomes, including hypertension, stroke, type 2 diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease (1). The Barker hypothesis states that undernutrition and small size at birth are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes later in life (2). Observational evidence also suggests that faster growth during infancy is associated with an increased risk of obesity (2-5). This is an area of very active research, and in this environment, it is important to establish normal values for infant body composition and growth. In addition, the assessment of feeding interventions for preterm infants may be improved by measuring changes in fat free mass (FFM) vs. fat mass (FM). Deviations from normal developmental patterns of body composition may program these infants for later health problems (2-5). Again, it is critical that normative data be established for infant body composition.Historically, growth has been monitored by serial measurements of weight, length, and head circumference, with little information available on the compositional nature of infant growth. Early data were based on chemical analysis of a small number of stillborn infants (6,7). More recently, body composition has been measured using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) (8,9), total body electrical conductivity (TOBEC) (10), magnetic resonance imaging (11), or multicompartment models based on total body water, total body potassium, and bone mineral content measurements (12). However, many of these studies did not measure body composition at birth, and no studies have taken maternal body composition into account. Because it has been shown that maternal overweight/obesity is associated with increased body fat in the newborn infant (13,14), and the prevalence of maternal obesity is increasing, there is a need to establish norma...

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“…6 Between-subject variability in the hydration of fat-free tissue has been shown to be relatively low in both infants 19 and children. 6 FM was calculated as the difference between FFM and body mass.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Hattori chart analysis of body mass index in infants and children

Wells¹

2000

Int J Obes

212

184

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BACKGROUND: Body mass index (BMI) is widely used as an index of fatness in paediatrics, but previous analysis of the BMI ± fatness relationship has been insuf®cient. OBJECTIVE: To consider the effects of variation in fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM) on BMI in infants, children and Fomon's reference child (Am J Clin Nutr 1982; 35: 1169 ± 1175. SUBJECTS: 42 infants aged 12 weeks; 64 children aged 8 ± 12 y; Fomon's reference child. METHODS: FFM was measured by deuterium dilution. FFM index (FFMI) and FM index (FMI) were calculated. The effects of variation in FFM and FM on BMI were explored using Hattori's body composition chart (AmJHum Biol 1997; 9: 573 ± 578). RESULTS: In both infancy and childhood, a given BMI can embrace a wide range of percentage body fat. At both time points, the s.d. of FFMI was b 60% of the s.d. of FMI. Graphic analysis differentiated the effects of lean tissue and fat deposition on BMI with age in the reference child. CONCLUSION: Although valuable for assessing short-term changes in nutritional status in individuals, and for comparing mean relative weight between populations, BMI is of limited use as a measure of body fatness in individuals in both infancy and childhood. The development of BMI with age may be disproportionately due to either FFM and FM at different time points.

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Influence of Early Feeding Mode on Body Composition of Infants

Cited by 21 publications

References 19 publications

Body Composition in Neonates: Relationship Between Measured and Derived Anthropometry with Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry Measurements

Body Composition in Neonates: Relationship Between Measured and Derived Anthropometry with Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry Measurements

Body Composition From Birth to 4.5 Months in Infants Born to Non-Obese Women

A Hattori chart analysis of body mass index in infants and children

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