Influence of environmental factors on photosynthesis in cocoa trees

Balasimha, D.; Daniel, Erick; Bhat, Prakash G

doi:10.1016/0168-1923(91)90019-m

Cited by 68 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The A/C i curves showed no differences in A and CE between both types of Baligar et al 2008;Daymond et al 2011;Bertolde et al 2012;de Almeida et al 2014;Ávila-Lovera et al 2016). The saturating PFD in both types of cocoa is relatively low, around 400 µmol m -2 s -1 , similar to previously reported data (300-600 µmol m -2 s -1 , Joly and Hahn 1989;Balasimha et al 1991;Almeida et al 2014).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

“…Its economic importance lies in being a small-scale cultivation from which depend 5-6 million farmers (de Almeida and Valle 2007;Carr and Loockwood 2011). Cocoa is a shade crop, intolerant to drought (Belsky and Siebert 2003) and its productivity is strongly affected by the distribution of rainfall and duration of drought periods (Balasimha et al 1991;Bae et al 2008). There are three types or morphogenetically different groups of cocoa known as "Criollo" (native of Venezuela), "Forastero" (original from the Amazon basin) and "Trinitario" produced naturally in the island of Trinidad (a cross between Criollo and Forastero), which differ in quality of the almonds, vigor and yield (Criollo, high quality, and Forastero with different qualities and tastes ;Cheesman 1944).…”

Section: Botanical Sciencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Does Criollo cocoa have the same ecophysiological characteristics than Forastero?

Tezara¹,

Urich²,

Jaimez³

et al. 2016

Bot. Sci.

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Background: The Palma Real Mountain of Venezuela has Criollo and Forastero cocoa trees of over 50 years old. These individuals are considered ancestral representatives of high quality cocoa that have survived for many years in this location without any agronomic management. Question: This study shows some physiological traits of these old trees, in order to determine whether differences exist in photosynthetic capacity and some biochemical parameters between the two types of cocoa growing under natural conditions. , carboxylation efficiency (CE) and photochemical activity, indicated a comparable photosynthetic capacity in both cocoa types. Conclusions: There are apparently no physiological disadvantages in Criollo compared with Forastero trees and therefore both could be recommended as suitable materials for cultivation in similar environments, thereby expanding cultivation of high quality cocoa. Key words: A/C curves, fluorescence, photosynthetic activity, Theobroma cacao, water potential. ¿Tiene el cacao Criollo las mismas características ecofisiológicas que el Forastero? ResumenAntecedentes: La Montaña Palma Real en Venezuela tiene árboles de cacao Criollo y Forastero de más de 50 años de edad. Estos individuos se consideran representantes ancestrales de cacao de alta calidad que han sobrevivido durante muchos años en este lugar sin ningún tipo de manejo agronómico. Pregunta: Este estudio muestra algunas características fisiológicos de estos árboles, con el fin de determinar si existen diferencias en la capacidad fotosintética y algunos parámetros bioquímicos entre los dos tipos de cacao que crecen en condiciones naturales. Especie estudiada: Theobroma cacao L. Sitio de estudio y años del estudio: se hizo en la montaña Palma Real en la Isla de Margarita, Estado Nueva Esparta, en enero de 2008 y noviembre de 2009. Métodos: Los individuos presentes en la zona, inicialmente se caracterizaron como cacao Criollo o Forastero; se evaluó el intercambio gaseoso, la fluorescencia de la clorofila, la respuesta de la tasa fotosintética (A) a la concentración intercelular de CO 2 (C i ) y a la densidad de flujo de fotones (PFD), la relación de isótopos de carbono (δ 13 C), la proporción de isótopos de nitrógeno (δ 15 N), y el contenido de clorofila y N foliar. Resultados: Los resultados mostraron que las características de intercambio de gases de cacao Criollo difieren levemente de los de cacao Forastero. Sin embargo, la PFD de saturación fue similar (~ 400 µmol m -2 s -1 ) con valores de A a luz saturante cerca de 4 µmol m -2 s -1 , la eficiencia de carboxilación (CE) y la actividad fotoquímica, indicaron una capacidad fotosintética comparable en ambos tipos de cacao. Conclusiones: Aparentemente no hay desventajas fisiológicas en el cacao Criollo en comparación con los árbo-les de cacao Forastero, por lo tanto ambos podrían ser recomendados como materiales adecuados para el cultivo en ambientes similares al lugar de estudio, aumentando así el cultivo de cacao de alta calidad.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Section: Botanical Sciencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does Criollo cocoa have the same ecophysiological characteristics than Forastero?

Tezara¹,

Urich²,

Jaimez³

et al. 2016

Bot. Sci.

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“…The reported values of P max range from 2 to 11 µmol m -2 s -1 (Squire, 1977;Roberts and Keys, 1978;Smith et al, 1993aSmith et al, , 1994Jinke et al, 1999;Mohotti and Lawlor, 2002;Karunaratne et al, 2003). This is on par with the P max values obtained for some other perennial crops such as oil palm (Smith, 1989), cocoa (Balasimha et al, 1991), rubber (Gunasekara et al, 2007) and coconut (Nainanayke, 2004;Lakmini et al, 2006). However, there is no clear correlation between P max and yield potential across the whole range of tea genotypes.…”

Section: Photosynthesissupporting

confidence: 61%

Ecophysiology of tea

Costa

Mohotti

Wijeratne

2007

Braz. J. Plant Physiol.

119

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Tea [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze] is one of the most important beverage crops in the world. The major tea-growing regions of the world are South-East Asia and Eastern Africa where it is grown across a wide range of altitudes up to 2200 m a.s.l.. This paper reviews the key physiological processes responsible for yield determination of tea and discusses how these processes are influenced by genotypic and environmental factors. Yield formation of tea is discussed in terms of assimilate supply through photosynthesis and formation of harvestable sinks (i.e. shoots). The photosynthetic apparatus and partial processes (i.e. light capture, electron transport and carboxylation) of tea show specific adaptations to shade. Consequently, maximum light-saturated photosynthetic rates of tea are below the average for C 3 plants and photoinhibition occurs at high light intensities. These processes restrict the source capacity of tea. Tea yields are sink-limited as well because shoots are harvested before their maximum biomass is reached in order to maintain quality characters of made tea. In the absence of water deficits, rates of shoot initiation and extension are determined by air temperature and saturation vapour pressure deficit, with the former having positive and the latter having negative relationships with the above rates. During dry periods, when the soil water deficit exceeds a genotypically-and environmentally-determined threshold, rates of shoot initiation and extension are reduced with decreasing shoot water potential. Tea yields respond significantly to irrigation, a promising option to increase productivity during dry periods, which are experienced in many tea-growing regions. Key words: climate change, photoinhibition, photosynthesis, shoot growth, temperature, vapour pressure deficit, water potential † All authors have contributed equally to this articleEcofisiologia do chá: O chá [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze] é uma das mais importantes culturas para a produção de bebidas no mundo. As principais regiões de cultivo dessa espécie se concentram no sudeste da Ásia e na África oriental, onde é cultivado numa ampla faixa de altitudes, até 2200 m acima do nível do mar. Neste artigo, revisam-se processos fisiológicos centrais determinantes da produção do chá e se discutem como esses processos são influenciados por fatores genotípicos e ambientes. A produção do chá é discutida em termos de suprimento de assimilados provenientes da fotossíntese e formação de drenos (ramos) removidos na colheita. A maquinaria fotossintética e processos parciais (i.e. captura de luz, transporte de elétrons e carboxilação) da fotossíntese, em plantas de chá, exibem adaptações à sombra. Conseqüentemente, as taxas máximas de fotossíntese saturadas à luz são inferiores às da media de plantas C 3 , observando-se também fotoinibição sob altas irradiâncias. Esses processos restringem a capacidade da fonte em plantas de chá. A produção do chá é limitada pelo dreno conquanto os ramos são colhidos antes de atingirem sua biomassa máxima, o q...

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“…Results show that yield increases with high relative humidity (β2). This concurs with Balasimha et al (1991), who mention that prolonged dry periods can affect the physiological process which reduces cacao production. In the same way, Rada et al (2005) mention that micro-climatic characteristics, such as relative humidity and air temperature, significantly affect stomatal conductance that conditions yield.…”

Section: Cacao Yield Alterationsupporting

confidence: 63%

Cacao in Mexico: restrictive factors and productivity levels

Díaz-José

Mora-Flores

et al. 2014

Chilean J. Agric. Res.

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Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) represents one of the most important agricultural crops of the humid Mexican tropics. In the last 10 yr, approximately 23.000 t of this grain were no longer produced per cycle. The objective of this study was to identify characteristics and factors that restrict production in the states of Tabasco and Chiapas. A survey was applied to obtain information about 184 producers and their plantations by two-stage sampling. Descriptive statistics were calculated and multilevel models were adjusted to analyze the information. Results show that there are differences (P < 0.05) in cacao yield between municipalities (380 kg ha -1 + μoj is the estimated residual for each municipality). Crop productivity levels are higher in the state of Tabasco than in Chiapas (644 and 344 kg ha -1 , respectively). Incidence of frosty pod rot of cacoa, also known as moniliasis, induced by Moniliophthora roreri [(Cif) H.C. Evans, Stalpers, Samson & Benny 1978] is significantly greater (P < 0.05) in the state of Chiapas (60%) than in Tabasco (48%).Producers who carry out more crop management practices increase yields and decrease the pathogen's impact on their plantations. Results suggest the need to apply differentiated public policies to promote production within each region or municipality.

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Influence of environmental factors on photosynthesis in cocoa trees

Cited by 68 publications

References 9 publications

Does Criollo cocoa have the same ecophysiological characteristics than Forastero?

Does Criollo cocoa have the same ecophysiological characteristics than Forastero?

Ecophysiology of tea

Cacao in Mexico: restrictive factors and productivity levels

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