Influence of façade orientation on the leaching of biocides from building façades covered with mortars and plasters

Vega-Garcia, Pablo; Schwerd, Regina; Scherer, Christian; Schwitalla, Christoph; Johann, Sabine; Rommel, Steffen H.; Helmreich, Brigitte

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139465

Cited by 32 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Further parameters and processes such as rain intensities, orientation of test specimen, temperature or leachate composition are relevant too, but were not investigated in detail in laboratory irrigation, whereas several studies, e.g., [ 13 , 23 , 24 ] are discussing these factors for outdoor exposure. Standardized laboratory leaching tests are not appropriate methods to consider these factors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leaching of Carbon Reinforced Concrete—Part 1: Experimental Investigations

Weiler

Vollpracht

2020

Materials

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The composite material ‘carbon concrete composite (C3)’ is currently capturing the building sector as an ‘innovative’ and ‘sustainable’ alternative to steel reinforced concrete. In this work, its environmental compatibility was investigated. The focus of this research was the leaching behavior of C3, especially for the application as irrigated façade elements. Laboratory and outdoor exposure tests were run to determine and assess the heavy metal and trace element emissions. In the wake of this work, the validity of laboratory experiments and the transferability to outdoor behavior were investigated. The experimental results show very low releases of environmental harmful substances from carbon concrete composite. Most heavy metal concentrations were in the range of <0.1–8 µg/L, and higher concentrations (up to 32 µg/L) were found for barium, chromium, and copper. Vanadium and zinc concentrations were in the range of 0.1–60 µg/L, boron and nickel concentrations were clearly exceeding 100 µg/L. Most of the high concentrations were found to be a result of the rainfall background concentrations. The material C3 is therefore considered to be environmentally friendly. There is no general correlation between laboratory leaching data and outdoor emissions. The results depend on the examined substance and used method. The prediction and evaluation of the leaching of building elements submitted to rain is therefore challenging. This topic is debated in the second part of this publication.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leaching of Carbon Reinforced Concrete—Part 1: Experimental Investigations

Weiler

Vollpracht

2020

Materials

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“…The highest temperature of 32.1 • C was measured on 19 June 2014. The wind at the sampling site came mainly from the westerly and southwesterly directions [13]. The highest daily mean wind speed observation was 66 km/h on 31 March 2015.…”

Section: Outdoor Tests For Model Validationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Experimental VTP (each 0.5 m wide, 1 m high) consisting of stainless steel panels were covered by various plasters or mortars (see Figure 1). A detailed description of the sampling site and data analysis are provided in [6,13].…”

Section: Outdoor Tests For Model Validationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The monthly precipitation during the test period, from October 2013 to March 2015, ranged from 8.7 mm (L/m 2 ) in December 2013 to 224 mm in August of 2014. Detailed information about the daily precipitation during the sampling period and the runoff sampling dates are provided in [13]. During the 526-day observation period, precipitation events with more than 0.1 mm of rain occurred for 255 days.…”

Section: Outdoor Tests For Model Validationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This may be caused partly by two errors: (1) errors in the difference in absorption and evaporation between an averaged WDR flux and a flux composed of randomly impinging drops, and (2) errors concerning the behavior of the raindrops, as splashing and During rain events, building ETICS façades become moist due to wind-driven rain (WDR), a horizontal velocity component of the wind that is driven against the windward façade of buildings. WDR is the most important contributor to the moisture load on building façades [2,4,[9][10][11][12][13]. Burkhardt [4] first postulated that weather conditions (precipitation, rain intensity, wind speed, wind direction, temperature), façade geometry (height, weight), site characteristics (latitude, altitude) and façade exposure (orientation) are the main influencing factors of the leaching process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of a Model for Stormwater Runoff Prediction on Vertical Test Panels Coated with Plaster and Mortar

Vega-Garcia

Schwerd

Scherer

et al. 2020

Water

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Leaching outdoor tests (LOT) are commonly used to assess the leaching of substances from construction materials. In this context, the amount of stormwater in contact with the surface material is of special interest for analyzing the runoff loads of substances from building façades. A numerical model was developed in MATLAB on the basis of previous analytical models to calculate the collected stormwater runoff volumes from the vertical test panels (VTP) during LOT. In the model, wind-driven rain (WDR) is considered to be the main mechanism for determining the amount of water impinging on the VTP, so it is a crucial factor in the modeling for the façade runoff. The new model makes it possible to simulate the runoff volumes from VTP that are covered with a wide variety of plaster and mortar. Using the new model, it was possible to relate the VTP runoff volumes obtained during an 18-month sampling period for LOTs performed at the Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics in Valley, Germany. When comparing the simulation results with the field test accumulated runoffs, the model exhibited a difference of no more than 3.5% for each of the analyzed materials. The simulation results are satisfying, and the paper demonstrates the feasibility of the modelling approach for the runoff assessment of VTP covered with a variety of plaster and mortar.

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Entwicklung eines Modells zur Bewertung der Umwelteigenschaften üblicher Putze und Mörtel

Vega-Garcia

Schwerd

2022

Bauphysik

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Gemäß der Bauproduktenverordnung der Europäischen Union (EU‐BauPVO) müssen Baustoffe und Bauwerke derart gestaltet sein, dass sie während ihres gesamten Lebenszyklus keine übermäßig hohen negativen Auswirkungen auf die Umwelt haben. Ziel der hier vorgestellten Arbeit war es daher, ein Modell zu entwickeln, mit dem eine Bewertung der Umwelteigenschaften von mineralischen Außenputzen und ‐mörteln vorgenommen werden kann. Als Grundlage bzw. zur Validierung wurde eine umfangreiche Datenbasis verwendet, die in 10 Jahren Feld‐ und Laborexperimenten am Fraunhofer‐Institut für Bauphysik IBP aufgebaut wurde. Das Ergebnis ist ein dreistufiges Modell. In „Level 1” werden die Wassermengen berechnet, die von einer Fassade mit einem bestimmten mineralischen Putz oder Mörtel ablaufen. In „Level 2” werden dann ausgelaugte anorganische Stoffe und deren Konzentrationen im Abflusswasser identifiziert. Als letzter Schritt erfolgt in „Level 3” die Bewertung des Umweltrisikos mittels einer Sickerwasserprognose. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass von den Stoffen, die bei Regenereignissen aus den untersuchten Putzen und Mörteln ausgewaschen werden, v. a. Vanadium, Chrom und Blei in relevanten Konzentrationen im Fassadenablauf auftreten können. Die Auswertung der Sickerwasserprognose ergab jedoch, dass unter üblichen Anwendungsszenarien nicht mit Grenzwertüberschreitungen am Ort der Beurteilung im Grundwasser zu rechnen ist.

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Influence of façade orientation on the leaching of biocides from building façades covered with mortars and plasters

Cited by 32 publications

References 22 publications

Leaching of Carbon Reinforced Concrete—Part 1: Experimental Investigations

Leaching of Carbon Reinforced Concrete—Part 1: Experimental Investigations

Development of a Model for Stormwater Runoff Prediction on Vertical Test Panels Coated with Plaster and Mortar

Entwicklung eines Modells zur Bewertung der Umwelteigenschaften üblicher Putze und Mörtel

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