Influence of Fasting and Transit on Ruminal and Blood Metabolites in Beef Steers2

Galyean, M. L.; Lee, R. W.; Hubbert, M. E.

doi:10.2527/jas1981.5317

Cited by 94 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Thus an elevated serum cortisol concentration, as well as the presence of an ulcer, could have caused the higher serum glucose levels. Likewise, although we could not find any data pertaining to serum urea concentrations in lame dairy cows, serum urea levels have been observed to be lower in sheep and beef cattle that are submitted to stressors such as isolation, restraint, and transportation (Galyean et al, 1981;Apple et al, 1993).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 38%

“…Moreover the acute phase protein, haptoglobin, is elevated in lame cows (Jawor et al, 2008;Tadich et al, 2013), which in turn could drive up total serum protein levels (Jawor et al, 2008). Contrarily, serum urea is lower in sheep and beef cattle that have been exposed to acute stressors (Galyean et al, 1981;Apple et al, 1993). Other variables that could be possibly be influenced by the presence of lameness include creatine kinase and glucose.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Differences in leukocyte profile, gene expression, and metabolite status of dairy cows with or without sole ulcers

O’Driscoll

McCabe

Earley

2015

Journal of Dairy Science

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Interpretive summary Sole ulcers affect dairy cow immune status by O'Driscoll et alDairy cows afflicted with sole ulcers are often clinically lame, and experience pain and impaired welfare. However little is known of the cows' stress and immune response to sole ulcers. This study demonstrated that cows that are affected with sole ulcers, and clinically lame, had a different leukocyte gene expression profile to healthy cows. They also had higher concentrations of the stress hormone, cortisol, the endogenous precursor steroid hormone -DHEA, and the various metabolites that are suggestive of systemic inflammation and stress. ABSTRACTSole ulcers are one of the most severe lameness causing pathologies for dairy cows and are associated with abnormal behaviour and impaired production performance. However, little is known about how or whether lameness caused by sole ulcers affects the cow systemically. This study compared haematology profile, leukocyte gene expression, and physiological responses (metabolite, cortisol, the endogenous steroid hormone -DHEA, and haptoglobin concentrations) of cows with sole ulcers and healthy cows. Twelve clinically lame cows (LAME) were identified as having at least one sole ulcer, and no other disorder and matched with a cow that had good locomotion and no disorders (SOUND), using days in milk, liveweight, body condition score and diet. Blood samples were taken from all 24 cows within 24h of sole ulcer diagnosis. Leukocyte counts were obtained using an automated cell counter, cortisol and DHEA concentration by ELISA, and plasma haptoglobin (Hb), urea, total protein, creatine kinase and glucose were analysed on an Olympus analyser. Expression of 16 genes associated with lameness or stress were estimated using qRT-PCR. Data were analysed using the Mixed procedure in SAS (v 9.3). LAME cows had a higher neutrophil %, a numerically lower lymphocyte %, and tended to have a higher neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio than SOUND. Serum cortisol and DHEA concentrations were higher in LAME than in SOUND cows. LAME cows also tended to have higher haptoglobin and glucose levels than SOUND, as well as higher protein yet lower urea levels. SOUND cows tended to have higher relative expression of the gene coding for colony stimulating factor 2 than LAME, but in all other cases where differences were detected in cytokine gene expression (IL-1α, IL-1β, CXCL8 and IL-10), relative gene expression in SOUND cows tended to be, or was, lower than in LAME.Relative expression of MMP-13, GR-α, Fas, haptoglobin and CD62L were, or tended to be, higher in LAME than SOUND cows. A high neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio in combination with higher cortisol levels in cows with ulcers is indicative of physiological stress. Moreover, increased DHEA and a higher cortisol:DHEA ratio, as well as a tendency for higher haptoglobin levels and increased 5 haptoglobin mRNA expression are indicative of systemic inflammation. Increased cytokine mRNA expression indicates activation of the immune system compared with healthy cows. Increased express...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 38%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differences in leukocyte profile, gene expression, and metabolite status of dairy cows with or without sole ulcers

O’Driscoll

McCabe

Earley

2015

Journal of Dairy Science

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“…In cattle, the stress imposed by transit has a greater detrimental effect on the animal's physiology than the stress of feed and water deprivation for the same length of time (8,55). Transport stress can also lower rumen function compared to controls subjected to feed withdrawal (24). In sheep, chasing by dogs, handling, and sorting 2 to 3 wk after mating caused early embryonic losses (17).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review: Reducing Handling Stress Improves Both Productivity and Welfare

Pas

Oldfield²,

Boyd³

1998

The Professional Animal Scientist

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Reducing stress on livestock during handling will help reduce sickness and enable cattle to go back on feed more quickly. Many detrimental effects of handling stressors on animal performance and health are likely due to fear. Practical experience on ranches and feedlots shows that making cattle accustomed to people both on foot and on horseback will produce calmer and easier to handle cattle. An animal's first experience with a new corral, a person, or pieces of equipment should be made as positive as possible. If a painful or very aversive procedure is done the first time, it may be difficult to persuade the animal to re-enter the facility. The following tips will improve handling: move small numbers of animals at a time, do not overload the crowd pen, eliminate electric prods, open anti-back gates, eliminate visual distractions that make animals balk, use flight zone and point of balance principles, and reduce noise.

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“…In addition, rumination activities pre-and posttransport were very similar as were the eating activities, although 31.6% more steers ate post-transport, which indicates that the cattle were not unduly stressed by their experience (Gaylean et al 1981;Kent and Ewbank 1990). However, the ratio of observations of animals ruminating while standing or lying changed markedly from pre-(3.56:1) to post-transport (1:150).…”

Section: Behaviourmentioning

confidence: 75%

Physiological and behavioural responses to short-haul transport by stock trailer in finished steers

Booth-McLean¹,

Schwartzkopf-Genswein²,

Brown³

et al. 2007

Can. J. Anim. Sci.

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. 2007. Physiological and behavioural responses to short-haul transport by stock trailer in finished steers. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 87: 291-297. Nineteen British cross-bred steers (623 ± 10.6 kg) were transported in groups of four or five for 3 h and returned to their home pens. Jugular cannulas, heart rate (HR; BPM) monitors and radio transmitters were used to non-invasively collect physiological data. Heart rate (n = 13) was lower during highway travel (83.5 ± 3.15, P > 0.05) compared with pre-loading (118.9 ± 3.19, P < 0.01) and off-loading (97.5 ± 4.47) but was not different from travel in town (88.8 ± 2.90). Plasma cortisol concentration (µg dL -1 , n = 16) increased from pre-loading (1.87 ± 0.28) to off-loading (3.10 ± 0.28, P < 0.02) and decreased to 1.16 ± 0.28 µg dL -1 by 1 h after off-loading (P < 0.001), a value not different from pre-loading levels. Body temperature measured at offloading was 0.19°C higher (P < 0.001) than at pre-loading. No differences in the time spent eating and ruminating were observed when compared between a 1-h period 1 d prior to transport and the same time of day post-transport (P > 0.50). Increases in HR (P < 0.01) and lying time (P < 0.001) post-transport compared with the days prior suggest cattle experienced some fatigue. Mild, short-term stress responses were observed in finished steers exposed to 3 h of transportation. Les auteurs ont recouru à une canule dans la jugulaire, à des moniteurs du rythme cardiaque (BPM) et à des radio-émetteurs pour recueillir des données physiologiques de manière non invasive. Le rythme cardiaque (n = 13) était plus faible sur l'autoroute (83,5 ± 3,15, P > 0,05) qu'avant le chargement (118,9 ± 3,19, P < 0,01) et après celui-ci (97,5 ± 4,47), mais il ne différait pas de celui enregistré lors des déplace-ments en ville (88,8 ± 2,90). La concentration de cortisol dans le plasma (µg par dL, N = 16) augmente du chargement (1,87 ± 0,28) au déchargement (3,10 ± 0,28, P < 0,02) avant de baisser à 1,16 ± 0,28 µg par dL une heure plus tard (P < 0,001), une valeur semblable à celle relevée avant le chargement. La température corporelle relevée lors du déchargement dépassait celle notée avant de 0,19°C (P < 0,001). Les auteurs n'ont observé aucune variation du temps passé à manger et à ruminer la journée précédant le transport et celle le suivant, à intervalles d'une heure (P > 0,50). La hausse du rythme cardiaque (P < 0,01) et du temps de repos (P < 0,001) après le transport, comparativement aux paramètres relevés les journées le précédant, laissent croire que les animaux éprouvaient une certaine fatigue. Trois heures de transport engendrent un stress moyen à court terme chez les bouvillons prêts à l'abattage.

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Influence of Fasting and Transit on Ruminal and Blood Metabolites in Beef Steers2

Cited by 94 publications

References 7 publications

Differences in leukocyte profile, gene expression, and metabolite status of dairy cows with or without sole ulcers

Differences in leukocyte profile, gene expression, and metabolite status of dairy cows with or without sole ulcers

Review: Reducing Handling Stress Improves Both Productivity and Welfare

Physiological and behavioural responses to short-haul transport by stock trailer in finished steers

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