Influence of Female Genital Cutting on Sexual Experience in Southern Ethiopia

Battle, Julia D.; Hennink, Monique; Yount, Kathryn M.

doi:10.1080/19317611.2016.1265036

Cited by 14 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Many studies did not have enough participants to analyze separate forms of IPV or subtypes of FGMC, so IPV often was consolidated into "any IPV" or "two or more forms," and FGMC was coded as "cut" or "uncut." Although combined prevalence measures allowed analysis of some rare exposures, some GBV exposures were common, and aggregation across type may have masked relationships between more severe forms of GBV and SRH (Battle, Hennink, & Yount, 2017;Godha, Hotchkiss, & Gage, 2013) and between poly-victimization and SRH (Aho, Proczkowska-Björklund, & Svedin, 2016). For instance, combining FGMC types that vary greatly in severity may explain the mixed and contradictory findings for outcomes like pain during sex, genital symptoms, and birth complications.…”

Section: Review and Study Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sexual and Reproductive Health Outcomes of Violence Against Women and Girls in Lower-Income Countries: A Review of Reviews

Grose

Chen

Roof

et al. 2020

The Journal of Sex Research

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Gender-based violence (GBV) against women and girls is pervasive and has negative consequences for sexual and reproductive health (SRH). In this systematic review of reviews, we aimed to synthesize research about the SRH outcomes of GBV for adolescent girls and young women in low-and middleincome countries (LMICs). GBV exposures were child abuse, female genital mutilation/cutting, child marriage, intimate partner violence (IPV), and non-partner sexual violence. PsycINFO, PubMed, and Scopus searches were supplemented with expert consultations, reference-list searches, and targeted organizational website searches. Reviews had to contain samples of girls and young women ages 10-24, although inclusion criteria were expanded post-hoc to capture adolescent-adult combined samples. Twenty-seven reviews were quality-rated. Study-level data were extracted from the 10 highest quality reviews (62 unique studies, 100 samples). Reviews were mostly from Africa and Asia and published between 2011 and 2015. We found consistent associations between GBV and number of sexual partners, gynecological conditions (e.g., sexually transmitted infections [STIs]), unwanted/unplanned pregnancy, and abortion. Some types of IPV also were associated with greater use of contraception/STI prevention. Addressing GBV is essential to improve SRH for girls and women in LMICs.

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Section: Review and Study Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sexual and Reproductive Health Outcomes of Violence Against Women and Girls in Lower-Income Countries: A Review of Reviews

Grose

Chen

Roof

et al. 2020

The Journal of Sex Research

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“…Cultural and religious factors have been found to influence the practice of FGM [ 13 , 16 – 20 ]. Cultures that put a high premium on preservation of virginity, reducing premarital sex and early pregnancy, and minimizing the risk of extramarital affairs have been shown to be more likely to encourage FGM [ 16 , 21 , 22 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and factors associated with female genital mutilation among women of reproductive age in the Bawku municipality and Pusiga District of northern Ghana

et al. 2018

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BackgroundGlobally, three million girls are at risk of female genital mutilation (FGM) and an estimated 200 million girls and women in the world have undergone FGM. While the overall prevalence of FGM in Ghana is 4%, studies have shown that the overall prevalence in the Upper East Region is 38%, with Bawku municipality recording the highest at 82%.MethodsThis study used a cross-sectional design with a quantitative approach: a survey with women of reproductive age (15–49).ResultsAmong all respondents, 830 women who participated in the study, 61% reported having undergone FGM. Of those circumcised, 66% indicated their mothers influenced it. Three quarters of the women think FGM could be stopped through health education. Women who live in the Pusiga district (AOR: 1.66; 95% CI: 1.16–2.38), are aged 35–49 (AOR: 4.24; 95% CI: 2.62–6.85), and have no formal education (AOR: 2.78; 95% CI: 1.43–5.43) or primary education (AOR: 2.10; 95% CI: 1.03–4.31) were more likely to be circumcised relative to those who reside in Bawku Municipal, are aged 15–24, and had tertiary education. Likewise, married women (AOR: 3.82; 95% CI: 2.53–5.76) were more likely to have been circumcised compared with unmarried women. At a site-specific level, factors associated with FGM included age and marital status in Bawku, and age, marital status, and women’s education in Pusiga.ConclusionFemale Genital Mutilation is still being practiced in the Bawku Municipality and the Pusiga District of northern Ghana, particularly among women with low socio-economic status. Implementing interventions that would provide health education to communities and promote girl-child education beyond the primary level could help end the practice.

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“…A limitation of social norms theory is its cursory discussion of FGMC as integral to broader norms about womanhood. In many practicing societies, FGMC is performed to reflect and to uphold injunctive norms about sex differentiation, feminine beauty, and women's sexuality [5,10,53,54]. First, women achieve social recognition by becoming less like men physically [53]; thus, by removing the "male parts" and sometimes enclosing the "female parts," FGMC "feminizes" a girl's body [53][54][55].…”

Section: Community Gender Systems and Fgmc: A Feminist Framework Intementioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the African continent, FGMC is practiced in at least 29 countries, with estimated prevalences ranging from 1% in Cameroon and Uganda to 98% in Somalia [3]. The practice-and especially its more extensive forms-is associated with various health and demographic outcomes, including elevated risks of an earlier age at first sex [4], sexual trauma and dysfunction [5,6], primary infertility [7], obstetric complications [8,9], and poor marital outcomes [4,8,10]. The United Nations recognizes FGMC as a violation of human rights [1], and Sustainable Development Goal 5.3 establishes a global mandate to support abandonment of the practice [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Community gender systems and a daughter’s risk of female genital mutilation/cutting: Multilevel findings from Egypt

et al. 2020

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We tested a feminist social-ecological model to understand community influences on daughters' experience of female genital mutilation/cutting (FGMC) in Egypt, where over 90% of women ages 15-49 are cut. FGMC has potential adverse effects on demographic and health outcomes and has been defined as a human-rights violation. However, an integrated multilevel-level framework is lacking. We theorized that a more favorable community-level gender system, including stronger gender norms opposing FGMC and expanded extrafamilial opportunities for women in the village or neighborhood, would be associated with a daughter's lower risk of FGMC and would strengthen the negative association of a mother's opposition to FGMC with her daughter's risk of cutting. Using a national sample of 14,171 mother-daughter dyads from the 2014 Egypt Demographic and Health Survey, we estimated multilevel discrete-time hazard models to test these relationships. Community gender norms opposing FGMC had significant direct, negative associations with the hazard that a daughter was cut, but women's opportunities outside the family did not. Maternal opposition to FGMC was negatively associated with cutting a daughter, and these associations were stronger where community opposition to FGMC and opportunities for women were greater. Results provided good support for a gender-systems framework of the multilevel influences on FGMC. Integrated, multilevel interventions that address gender norms about FGMC and structural opportunities for women in the community, as well as beliefs about the practice among the mothers of at-risk daughters, may be needed for sustainable declines in the practice.

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Influence of Female Genital Cutting on Sexual Experience in Southern Ethiopia

Cited by 14 publications

References 26 publications

Sexual and Reproductive Health Outcomes of Violence Against Women and Girls in Lower-Income Countries: A Review of Reviews

Sexual and Reproductive Health Outcomes of Violence Against Women and Girls in Lower-Income Countries: A Review of Reviews

Prevalence and factors associated with female genital mutilation among women of reproductive age in the Bawku municipality and Pusiga District of northern Ghana

Community gender systems and a daughter’s risk of female genital mutilation/cutting: Multilevel findings from Egypt

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