Influence of fiber orientation and geometry variation on flow phenomena and reactive polymerization of ϵ-caprolactam

Nagy, József; Reith, Lorenz Michael; Fischlschweiger, Michael; Steinbichler, Georg

doi:10.1016/j.ces.2015.01.046

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Research regarding the anionic polymerization of ε-caprolactam with various types and ratios of catalysts and activators has been studied [6][7][8][9][10][11]. Ahmadi et al [6] investigated the reactive polymerization of ε-caprolactam inside an internal mixer using characteristic techniques with X-ray diffraction (XRD), gas chromatography (GC)-mass, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Desai et al [7] studied the synthesis process of nylon-6 from ε-caprolactam using an anionic polymerization method, through a two-step process using sodium metal as a catalyst and diisocyanate-caprolactam block initiator. Nagy et al [8] investigated the characterization of the influence of both mold geometry and fiber orientation as influencing factors during injection and simultaneously occurring reaction on the production of fiber reinforced parts using anionic polymerization of ε-caprolactam. Barhoumi et al [9] conducted a study of the kinetics of the anionic polymerization of ε-caprolactam into polyamide 6 through dynamic rheology and differential scanning calorimetry measurements to observe the effect of the processing parameters, such as the polymerization temperature and different catalyst/activator combinations and concentrations, on the kinetics of polymerization.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Temperature on the Mechanical Properties and Polymerization Kinetics of Polyamide-6 Composites

Lee

et al. 2020

Polymers

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This work reports the preparation of carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites via the in situ anionic ring opening polymerization of ε-caprolactam. Vacuum assisted resin transfer molding was used to fabricate polyamide-6/carbon fiber composites at different molding temperatures. As a result, the higher polymerization of ε-caprolactam was observed with the condition at 140 °C for satisfactory impregnation. Regarding molding temperature, the physical properties of polyamide-6/carbon fiber were observed that the bending and impact strengths at 140 °C were higher than those to at other molding temperatures. The polymerization kinetics of polyamide-6 was analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry by experimentally acquiring kinetic parameters according to model fitting approaches. Polymerization and crystallization, which occur simultaneously throughout the whole process, were separated using Gaussian and Maxwell–Boltzmann distributions to study polymerization kinetics. The result of the developed model was in good agreement with the experimental data for the presented first order autocatalytic reaction model.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Temperature on the Mechanical Properties and Polymerization Kinetics of Polyamide-6 Composites

Lee

et al. 2020

Polymers

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“…Few recent studies focus on coupling thermo-chemo-mechanical simulations with the flow simulation of reactive thermoset [100,101,102,103,104] and thermoplastic [99,105,106] RTM processes. Imbert et al [102,103] modeled the RTM process considering the thermo-chemo-mechanical aspects in the flow of reactive thermoset resin mixed on-line in a dual-scale porous medium.…”

Section: Simulation Of the T-rtm Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In another study of theirs [106], Nagy et al examined the influence of fiber orientation and mold geometry on flow phenomena and reaction progress during the mold-filling phase. The CFD model of flow through the porous media was coupled with Malkin’s kinetic and viscosity models.…”

Section: Simulation Of the T-rtm Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Thermoplastic Resin Transfer Molding: Process Modeling and Simulation

2019

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The production and consumption of polymer composites has grown continuously through recent decades and has topped 10 Mt/year. Until very recently, polymer composites almost exclusively had non-recyclable thermoset matrices. The growing amount of plastic, however, inevitably raises the issue of recycling and reuse. Therefore, recyclability has become of paramount importance in the composites industry. As a result, thermoplastics are coming to the forefront. Despite all their advantages, thermoplastics are difficult to use as the matrix of high-performance composites because their high viscosity complicates the impregnation process. A solution could be reactive thermoplastics, such as PA-6, which is synthesized from the ε-caprolactam (ε-CL) monomer via anionic ring opening polymerization (AROP). One of the fastest techniques to process PA-6 into advanced composites is thermoplastic resin transfer molding (T-RTM). Although nowadays T-RTM is close to commercial application, its optimization and control need further research and development, mainly assisted by modeling. This review summarizes recent progress in the modeling of the different aspects of the AROP of ε-CL. It covers the mathematical modeling of reaction kinetics, pressure-volume-temperature behavior, as well as simulation tools and approaches. Based on the research results so far, this review presents the current trends and could even plot the course for future research.

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“…Deviations from the planned orientation of the fibres, dry areas resulting from missing polymer, delamination between the individual layers and variations in the fibre content are only a few examples of potential quality variations that can have drastic effects on the mechanical properties of the component. Many quality attributes are determined by the production process [4] ponents -from development through to production. Non-destructive testing in particular is gaining in importance in this area.…”

Section: Mechanics Determine Qualitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Active Thermography for Automated Testing of Composite Structural Components

Thurmeier¹,

Stock²,

Fischlschweiger

2017

Lightweight des worldw

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Influence of fiber orientation and geometry variation on flow phenomena and reactive polymerization of ϵ-caprolactam

Cited by 8 publications

References 22 publications

Effect of Temperature on the Mechanical Properties and Polymerization Kinetics of Polyamide-6 Composites

Effect of Temperature on the Mechanical Properties and Polymerization Kinetics of Polyamide-6 Composites

A Review of Thermoplastic Resin Transfer Molding: Process Modeling and Simulation

Active Thermography for Automated Testing of Composite Structural Components

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