Influence of fiber parameters on skew in single-mode fiber ribbons

Abstract

The influence of fiber parameters on skew has been experimentally clarified by using single-mode 16-fiber ribbons with different fiber parameters. The skews are measured for fibers in 16-fiber ribbons. It is found that not only the relative refractive index difference 1 but also the ratio of the mode field diameter to the core diameter influence the skew. The time of flight is measured for 16-fiber ribbons under several temperature and strain values. Although the time of flight is influenced both by temperature and strain, it is confirmed experimentally that skew is independent of fiber parameters. These results indicate that the skew of a fiber ribbon under a uniform environment can be determined from fiber parameter differences. Previously proposed equations for evaluating the skew are used to design fibers in a fiber ribbon in order to realize fiber ribbons with the desired skew value.Index Terms-Computer networks, optical fiber, optical fiber cables, optical fiber communication, local area networks.

Wavelength dependence of stress-induced time of flight variations in graded-index multimode fibers

“…Fiber ribbons are usually used as an optical cable, which may be used in temperature change and under stress in an actual environment. The temperature dependence of skew has been investigated and we confirmed skew is temperature independent [2,3]. An optical cable under stress causes a fiber elongation, which changes both a fiber length and a refractive index.…”

“…The stress due to the pulling force changes the group velocity of signals and the fiber length L. The time of flight variation ds due to the stress is expressed as the following equation [3][4][5][6].…”

“…The time of flight variations in a fiber ribbon due to the non-uniform stress cause a fiber skew and influence the transmission properties in optical parallel transmission systems. So far we have investigated stress-induced time of flight variations in both multimode fibers and single mode fibers (SMFs), including hole-assisted fibers [3][4][5][6]. However, the investigation in wavelength ranges of k = 1.3 lm $1.6 lm, which are used in ordinary optical transmission systems, was mainly for SSMFs in the previous paper [4].…”

<title>Image fiber optic 2D parallel optical interconnects based on space-CDMA</title>

“…These l-D parallel interconnections can satisfy the present needs. If many channels, for example, more than 64 bits are needed in future, however, 2-D parallel will surpass 14) parallel in terms of high-density implementation. l-D parallel LI)/PD array modules experience some problems when the chip length increases to achieve many channels because of differences in thermal expansion between the chip and its mount.…”

Effect of Asymmetric Refractive-index Profile on Skew in Single-mode Fiber Ribbons

“…In this paper, we focus on the fiber skew. Recently, there have been several studies to clarify the skew properties in fiber ribbons [1][2][3][4]. Low skew fiber ribbons must be developed in order to realize high speed parallel transmission LANs.…”