Influence of filament aging and conductive additive in 3D printed sensors

Kalinke, Cristiane; Oliveira, Paulo Roberto de; Neumsteir, Naile Vacilotto; Henriques, Brunna Ferri; Aparecido, Gabriel de Oliveira; Loureiro, Hugo Campos; Janegitz, Bruno C.; Bonacin, Juliano Alves

doi:10.1016/j.aca.2021.339228

Cited by 30 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 64 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Typically, poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is used as the base polymer, and carbon black (CB) and graphene (G) filled commercial filaments are already widely available for purchase worldwide. However, the development of bespoke filaments is being increasingly reported. , AM now spans a wide range of electrochemical applications, with many published reports on its use in fuel cells, − batteries, ,− supercapacitors, − and electroanalytical sensing devices. ,− The latter began with the printing of simple “lollipop” shape (or disk) working electrodes , but has progressed further to electrodes of varying geometries and the electrochemical cell itself; − even accessories and electrochemical experimental equipment has been reported . Compared to the use of conventional electrodes, AM allows for the production of electrodes with bespoke geometries at significantly lower manufacturing timescales and costs, by simply altering the computational design. , …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circular Economy Electrochemistry: Creating Additive Manufacturing Feedstocks for Caffeine Detection from Post-Industrial Coffee Pod Waste

Sigley

Kalinke

Crapnell

et al. 2023

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The recycling of post-industrial waste poly(lactic acid) (PI-PLA) from coffee machine pods into electroanalytical sensors for the detection of caffeine in real tea and coffee samples is reported herein. The PI-PLA is transformed into both nonconductive and conductive filaments to produce full electroanalytical cells, including additively manufactured electrodes (AMEs). The electroanalytical cell was designed utilizing separate prints for the cell body and electrodes to increase the recyclability of the system. The cell body made from nonconductive filament was able to be recycled three times before the feedstock-induced print failure. Three bespoke formulations of conductive filament were produced, with the PI-PLA (61.62 wt %), carbon black (CB, 29.60 wt %), and poly(ethylene succinate) (PES, 8.78 wt %) chosen as the most suitable for use due to its equivalent electrochemical performance, lower material cost, and improved thermal stability compared to the filaments with higher PES loading and ability to be printable. It was shown that this system could detect caffeine with a sensitivity of 0.055 ± 0.001 μA μM–1, a limit of detection of 0.23 μM, a limit of quantification of 0.76 μM, and a relative standard deviation of 3.14% after activation. Interestingly, the nonactivated 8.78% PES electrodes produced significantly better results in this regard than the activated commercial filament toward the detection of caffeine. The activated 8.78% PES electrode was shown to be able to detect the caffeine content in real and spiked Earl Grey tea and Arabica coffee samples with excellent recoveries (96.7–102%). This work reports a paradigm shift in the way AM, electrochemical research, and sustainability can synergize and feed into part of a circular economy, akin to a circular economy electrochemistry.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circular Economy Electrochemistry: Creating Additive Manufacturing Feedstocks for Caffeine Detection from Post-Industrial Coffee Pod Waste

Sigley

Kalinke

Crapnell

et al. 2023

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…There are many other AM electrochemical platforms reported in the literature utilizing multiple prints or post-print assembly [ 11 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 ], with little explanation given to the cell design or the AMEs themselves. Only recently have the printing or physical parameters of the AME begun to be explored, with work showing that thinner layer thickness [ 27 ], vertical printing orientation [ 27 , 28 ], increased printing temperature [ 29 ], and most recently, the age of the filament/print [ 30 ] can produce increased conductivity in printed parts. These works show enhancement in the performance of parts by only altering one or two parameters to do with the manufacture of the part.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adjusting the Connection Length of Additively Manufactured Electrodes Changes the Electrochemical and Electroanalytical Performance

Crapnell

Ferrari

Whittingham

et al. 2022

Sensors

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Changing the connection length of an additively manufactured electrode (AME) has a significant impact on the electrochemical and electroanalytical response of the system. In the literature, many electrochemical platforms have been produced using additive manufacturing with great variations in how the AME itself is described. It is seen that when measuring the near-ideal outer-sphere redox probe hexaamineruthenium (III) chloride (RuHex), decreasing the AME connection length enhances the heterogeneous electrochemical transfer (HET) rate constant (k0) for the system. At slow scan rates, there is a clear change in the peak-to-peak separation (ΔEp) observed in the RuHex voltammograms, with the ΔEp shifting from 118 ± 5 mV to 291 ± 27 mV for the 10 and 100 mm electrodes, respectively. For the electroanalytical determination of dopamine, no significant difference is noticed at low concentrations between 10- and 100-mm connection length AMEs. However, at concentrations of 1 mM dopamine, the peak oxidation is shifted to significantly higher potentials as the AME connection length is increased, with a shift of 150 mV measured. It is recommended that in future work, all AME dimensions, not just the working electrode head size, is reported along with the resistance measured through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to allow for appropriate comparisons with other reports in the literature. To produce the best additively manufactured electrochemical systems in the future, researchers should endeavor to use the shortest AME connection lengths that are viable for their designs.

show abstract

“…This system could be used for field applications, and the cell itself can be used to collect water/honey for subsequent electrochemical measurement. Some works have shown that electrochemical/chemical treatments or “activations” are necessary to obtain voltammetric signals effectively. , However, the intention is to use this additively manufactured system as-is, without postprocessing of the electrodes. In this sense, cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements were performed on the cell as printed.…”

Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Additive Manufactured Multielectrode Electrochemical Cell with Honeycomb Inspired Design for the Detection of Methyl Parathion in Honey Samples

et al. 2023

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The development and increase in the number of crops recently have led to the requirement for greater efficiency in world food production and greater consumption of pesticides. In this context, the widespread use of pesticides has affected the decrease in the population of pollinating insects and has caused food contamination. Therefore, simple, low-cost, and quick analytical methods can be interesting alternatives for checking the quality of foods such as honey. In this work, we propose a new additively manufactured (3D-printed) device inspired by a honeycomb cell, with 6 working electrodes for the direct electrochemical analysis of methyl parathion by reduction process monitoring in food and environmental samples. Under optimized parameters, the proposed sensor presented a linear range between 0.85 and 19.6 μmol L–1, with a limit of detection of 0.20 μmol L–1. The sensors were successfully applied in honey and tap water samples by using the standard addition method. The proposed honeycomb cell made of polylactic acid and commercial conductive filament is easy to construct, and there is no need for chemical treatments to be used. These devices based on 6 working electrodes array are versatile platforms for rapid, highly repeatable analysis in food and environment, capable of performing detection in low concentrations.

show abstract

Influence of filament aging and conductive additive in 3D printed sensors

Cited by 30 publications

References 64 publications

Circular Economy Electrochemistry: Creating Additive Manufacturing Feedstocks for Caffeine Detection from Post-Industrial Coffee Pod Waste

Circular Economy Electrochemistry: Creating Additive Manufacturing Feedstocks for Caffeine Detection from Post-Industrial Coffee Pod Waste

Adjusting the Connection Length of Additively Manufactured Electrodes Changes the Electrochemical and Electroanalytical Performance

Novel Additive Manufactured Multielectrode Electrochemical Cell with Honeycomb Inspired Design for the Detection of Methyl Parathion in Honey Samples

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About