Influence of food matrix delivery system on the bioavailability of vitamin D3: A randomized crossover trial in postmenopausal women

Espersen, Rasmus; Ejlsmark-Svensson, Henriette; Madsen, Lene R.; Nebel, Caroline; Danielsen, Marianne; Dalsgaard, Trine Kastrup; Rejnmark, Lars

doi:10.1016/j.nut.2022.111911

Cited by 1 publication

(1 citation statement)

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“…Whereas it has been suggested that the absorption process is more efficient in the presence of dietary fat in the lumen of the small intestine and when ingested with a meal (Dawson-Hughes et al, 2015), the food matrix appears to have little effect on vitamins D 2 and D 3 absorption efficiency (Borel et al, 2015). In a recent randomised cross-over trial, no difference was observed between milk and water as vehicles for vitamin D 3 supplements (Espersen et al, 2023). Data also suggests that age per se has no effect on vitamin D absorption efficiency (Borel et al, 2015).…”

Section: Intestinal Absorptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific opinion on the tolerable upper intake level for vitamin D, including the derivation of a conversion factor for calcidiol monohydrate

Turck¹,

Bohn²,

Castenmiller³

et al. 2023

EFS2

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Following two requests from the European Commission (EC), the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the revision of the tolerable upper intake level (UL) for vitamin D and to propose a conversion factor (CF) for calcidiol monohydrate into vitamin D 3 for labelling purposes. Vitamin D refers to ergocalciferol (vitamin D 2 ), cholecalciferol (vitamin D 3 ), and calcidiol monohydrate. Systematic reviews of the literature were conducted to assess the relative bioavailability of calcidiol monohydrate versus vitamin D 3 on serum 25(OH)D concentrations, and for priority adverse health effects of excess vitamin D intake, namely persistent hypercalcaemia/hypercalciuria and endpoints related to musculoskeletal health (i.e. falls, bone fractures, bone mass/density and indices thereof). Based on the available evidence, the Panel proposes a CF for calcidiol monohydrates of 2.5 for labelling purposes. Persistent hypercalciuria, which may be an earlier sign of excess vitamin D than persistent hypercalcaemia, is selected as the critical endpoint on which to base the UL for vitamin D. A lowest-observed-adverse-effect-level (LOAEL) of 250 μg/day is identified from two randomised controlled trials in humans, to which an uncertainty factor of 2.5 is applied to account for the absence of a no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL). A UL of 100 μg vitamin D equivalents (VDE)/day is established for adults (including pregnant and lactating women) and for adolescents aged 11-17 years, as there is no reason to believe that adolescents in the phase of rapid bone formation and growth have a lower tolerance for vitamin D compared to adults. For children aged 1-10 years, a UL of 50 μg VDE/day is established by considering their smaller body size. Based on available intake data, European populations are unlikely to exceed the UL, except for regular users of food supplements containing high doses of vitamin D.

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