Influence of Fragrances on Human Psychophysiological Activity: With Special Reference to Human Electroencephalographic Response

Sowndhararajan, Kandhasamy; Kim, Songmun

doi:10.3390/scipharm84040724

Cited by 196 publications

(161 citation statements)

References 145 publications

(195 reference statements)

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“…A number of studies are being conducted to evaluate the olfactory stimulation effects on humans in order to understand whether odors can produce functional changes such as relaxation and excitation states in the brain [11]. The effect of odors on brain state can be measured by electroencephalography (EEG) through changes in brain wave activity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gender Differences in Electroencephalographic Activity in Response to the Earthy Odorants Geosmin and 2-Methylisoborneol

et al. 2017

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Geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol, molecules with the same odor characteristics, are mainly responsible for the smell of soil and cause odor problems worldwide in drinking water supplies. However, the effect of these odor molecules on human brain function is still unclear. The present investigation aimed to evaluate the effect of inhalation of geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol on human electroencephalographic (EEG) activity in order to understand whether their action on brain wave activity is the same or different. A total of 20 healthy volunteers (10 women and 10 men) were selected to determine the EEG power spectrum changes. The EEG data were recorded from 32 channels according to the International 10-20 system and 25 EEG power spectrum indices were analyzed. The inhalation of geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol exhibited different EEG activity by producing changes in different EEG indicators as well as brain regions. In both genders, significant changes in EEG power spectra were observed during the inhalation of geosmin when compared with 2-methylisoborneol. Absolute waves such as beta, fast alpha, low beta, high beta, and gamma significantly decreased, particularly in the centro-parietal (Cp6) region, due to the exposure to geosmin. According to gender variation, geosmin produced significant changes in the absolute low beta and high beta waves at the Cp6 region in women. In the case of 2-methylisoborneol, a significant increase in absolute alpha and absolute fast alpha activity was observed at the F8 region in men. However, there were no significant changes in absolute waves for men and women during the inhalation of geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol. Although both components are responsible for soil smell, they exhibit significantly different EEG activity according to gender.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a similar way, various odorants produced different EEG activity according to gender. Previous studies have suggested that even isomers of odor molecules (carvone, linalool, and limonene) possess different odor qualities and intensities for humans [11,16,17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender Differences in Electroencephalographic Activity in Response to the Earthy Odorants Geosmin and 2-Methylisoborneol

et al. 2017

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“…Currently, numerous products are commercially available with aromatherapy benefits, such as perfumes, personal care products, candles, air fresheners, and detergents. Previous studies have reported that aroma inhalation of essential oils exhibits various positive psychophysiological effects by regulating the central nervous system function . For example, peppermint aroma enhances memory, visual attention, task performance, and alertness, and lavender aroma promotes behavior commitment and interpersonal trust …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The gender variation on the electroencephalographic activity in response to the exposure of black pepper essential oil from Kampong Cham, Cambodia

Kim

Chhoeun²,

Kim³

et al. 2019

Flavour & Fragrance J

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The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of exposure of Cambodian black pepper essential oil on the human electroencephalographic (EEG) activity. In the EEG study, 20 men and 20 women healthy volunteers participated. The EEG readings were recorded from 32 electrodes placed on the scalp according to the International 10‐20 system and 25 EEG indices were analyzed. The essential oil of black pepper mainly contains β‐caryophyllene (30.53%), 3‐carene (19.85%), limonene (14.26%), β‐pinene (9.45%), and α‐pinene (5.25%). The EEG data showed that the exposure of black pepper essential oil exhibited different brain wave activity according to the gender. In women, a significant increase of spectral edge frequency 50% of alpha at C4 region was observed due to the exposure of black pepper essential oil. In the case of men, relative gamma, the ratio of sensorimotor rhythm to theta, spectral edge frequency 50%, spectral edge frequency 90%, and spectral edge frequency 50% of alpha significantly increased during the exposure of black pepper essential oil. The result revealed that the gender variation plays a major role in the EEG activity of black pepper essential oil and the exposure of black pepper essential oil may improve the cognitive functions.

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“…The most widespread are those non-invasive techniques related to readings of brain activity such as electroencephalogram (EGG), positron emission tomography (PET), magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) or magnetoencephalography (MEG) that allows to register brain activity during the stimulus. These studies help to correlate emotional states, brain activity tests and behavioral studies such as preferences for stimuli (Herz andSchooler, 2002, Sowndhararajan andKim, 2016). But in addition to these tools, neuromarketing allows the integration of other psychophysiological variables (Cuesta, Martinez-Martinez and Cuesta, 2018).…”

Section: Neuromarketingmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Case Study in Neuromarketing: Analysis of the Influence of Music on Advertising Effectivenes through Eye-Tracking, Facial Emotion and GSR

Cambra¹,

Martínez²,

Niño³

2018

Eur. j. soc. sci. educ. res.

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Music plays an important role in advertising. It exerts strong influence on the cognitive processes of attention and on the emotional processes of evaluation and, subsequently, in the attributes of the product. The goal of this work was to investigate these mechanisms using eye-tracking, facial expression and galvanic skin response (GSR).Nineteen university women were exposed to the same TV ad of a perfume in our Laboratory (https://neurolabcenter.com/). Nine of them were randomly assigned to the music version and ten to the silent version. During viewing, the visual areas of interest, the fixation time, the facial emotions and the GSR were recorded. Before and after viewing the subjects completed a questionnaire. Results: 1) The commercial with music caused a GSR level higher than without music. The GSR evaluates the degree of arousal (emotion)., 2) The facial expression indicated that the variable "enjoy" and "engagement" were significantly higher in the version with music. The positive valence (liking) presented higher values in the musical version, 3) However, the evaluation of the variable "attention", measured through facial expression, did not show differences between the groups. There were also no differences in the heat maps of areas of interest. 4) The attributes evaluation of the product, measured with the pre-post questionnaire, showed greater increases after exposure to the musical version, but only in specific product's attributes, such as "power" but not on other attributes, such as "status". These results are interpreted within the framework of the recent theories of advertising and music (Oakes, 2007).

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Influence of Fragrances on Human Psychophysiological Activity: With Special Reference to Human Electroencephalographic Response

Cited by 196 publications

References 145 publications

Gender Differences in Electroencephalographic Activity in Response to the Earthy Odorants Geosmin and 2-Methylisoborneol

Gender Differences in Electroencephalographic Activity in Response to the Earthy Odorants Geosmin and 2-Methylisoborneol

The gender variation on the electroencephalographic activity in response to the exposure of black pepper essential oil from Kampong Cham, Cambodia

A Case Study in Neuromarketing: Analysis of the Influence of Music on Advertising Effectivenes through Eye-Tracking, Facial Emotion and GSR

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