Influence of Fuel PM Index and Ethanol Content on Particulate Emissions from Light-Duty Gasoline Vehicles

Fuel Effects on PM Emissions from Different Vehicle/Engine Configurations: A Literature Review

“…The negative correlations for AKI, MON, and RON are consistent with the results for the GDI vehicles, as well as some other studies in the literature [13]. The negative correlation for EP is interesting, because a higher EP would suggest greater numbers of high distillation point compounds that generally lead to higher PN emissions, as characterized in the PMI index [17]. A statistically significant interaction with engine cylinder was also found for T10, T50 and EP for PN emissions.…”

“…PFI vehicle data were obtained from 15 studies, including references [13], [14], [16], [17], [19], [23], [24], [25], [26], [27], [28], [29], [36], [37], [38], [39], [40]. The largest sources of data for PFI vehicles included the Energy Policy Act (EPAct)/E-89 program [17], [36] and Sobotowski et al [16], which included 955 and 270 test records, respectively, or 1235 of the total of 1841 test records. Other test programs that included at least 90 test records included the European PARTICULATES program [23], the CE-CERT mixed alcohol program [19], [24], and the CRC_E-98 program [37], which in total accounted for another 417 test results.…”

Effects of Ethanol Evaporative Cooling on Particulate Number Emissions in GDI Engines

“…The practical implication is that in standard tests such as the FTP which encompasses different operating conditions, the PN emissions obtained with ethanol/gasoline blends very much depends on the vehicle and the calibration. As such, different results have been obtained [16][17][18].…”

“…The presence of ethanol in the fuel essentially dilutes the PMI value, and the PN emissions should lower accordingly. Depending on the vehicle being tested, however, mixed results with ethanol blends have been observed [16][17][18]. It has been suggested that the dilution effect of ethanol on the PMI is confounded by the suppression of fuel evaporation due to the high latent heat of vaporization of ethanol [18].…”

Cold Start with Ethanol-Blend Fuels and Influences on Non-Legislated Emissions of a GDI Flex Fuel Vehicle

“…Lube oil contributes to NP emissions, especially at cold start [15][16][17][18][19]. These new aspects were investigated with ethanol blend fuels Exx.…”