Influence of heart surgery on magnesium concentrations in pediatric patients

Hoshino, Kenji; Ogawa, Kiyoshi; Hashizume, Takumi; Kitazawa, Reiko

doi:10.1046/j.1442-200x.2003.01667.x

Cited by 12 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…In other studies of optimized ␣-helical peptides, 1 mM MgCl 2 raised the MIC for Pseudomonas aeruginosa as much as did 200 mM NaCl [18]. This is extremely relevant to in vivo activity, as most body fluids, including sputum [19], airway surface liquid [20], and serum/plasma [21], contain divalent cation concentrations of between 1 and 2 mM. Figure 1 demonstrates that LL-37 significantly reduces bacterial growth in phosphate buffer.…”

Section: Antimicrobial Activity Of Host Defense Peptides Under Physiomentioning

confidence: 84%

Impact of LL-37 on anti-infective immunity

Bowdish

Davidson²,

Lau

et al. 2004

Journal of Leukocyte Biology

325

295

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Host defense peptides (often called cationic antimicrobial peptides) have pleiotropic immunomodulatory functions. The human host defense peptide LL-37 is up-regulated at sites of infection and has little or no antimicrobial activity in tissue-culture media but under the same conditions, demonstrates immunomodulatory effects on epithelial cells, monocytes, and dendritic cells (DC). These effects include the induction of chemokine production in a mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent manner in epithelial cell lines and monocytes and profound alterations of DC differentiation, resulting in the capacity to enhance a T helper cell type 1 response. Although the exact mechanisms of interaction between LL-37 and these cell types have not been elucidated, there is evidence for specific (i.e., receptor-mediated) and nonspecific interactions. The relative significance of the direct antimicrobial activities and immunomodulatory properties of LL-37 and other cationic host defense peptides in host defense remains unresolved. To demonstrate that antimicrobial activity was not necessarily required for protection in vivo, model peptides were synthesized and tested for antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities. A peptide with no antimicrobial activity was found to be protective in animal models of Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella infection, implying that a host defense peptide can protect by exerting immunomodulatory properties.

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Section: Antimicrobial Activity Of Host Defense Peptides Under Physiomentioning

confidence: 84%

Impact of LL-37 on anti-infective immunity

Bowdish

Davidson²,

Lau

et al. 2004

Journal of Leukocyte Biology

325

295

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…LPS- induced genes in macrophages can be suppressed by LL-37 [172]; it directly up-regulates macrophage gene expression, including certain anti-inflammatory genes [175]. Importantly, these observations were reported in whole blood and in low micromolar concentrations of LL-37 [176]. These results suggest that LL-37 has anti-inflammatory properties.…”

Section: Antimicrobial Peptides As Immune Regulatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Roles of Antimicrobial Peptides in Innate Host Defense

Diamond¹,

Beckloff²,

Weinberg³

et al. 2009

CPD

549

405

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Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are multi-functional peptides whose fundamental biological role in vivo has been proposed to be the elimination of pathogenic microorganisms, including Gram-positive and -negative bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Genes encoding these peptides are expressed in a variety of cells in the host, including circulating phagocytic cells and mucosal epithelial cells, demonstrating a wide range of utility in the innate immune system. Expression of these genes is tightly regulated; they are induced by pathogens and cytokines as part of the host defense response, and they can be suppressed by bacterial virulence factors and environmental factors which can lead to increased susceptibility to infection. New research has also cast light on alternative functionalities, including immunomodulatory activities, which are related to their unique structural characteristics. These peptides represent not only an important component of innate host defense against microbial colonization and a link between innate and adaptive immunity, but also form a foundation for the development of new therapeutic agents.

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“…administration of magnesium for acute treatment of headache in adolescents. Intravenous magnesium has been widely used in the pediatric population for the treatment of other childhood illnesses, such as asthma and cardiac dysrhythmias, and has been found to be safe in these illnesses (4,5). However, there is limited clinical evidence regarding safety and efficacy of using i.v.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although i.v. magnesium has been widely used in the pediatric population for the treatment of other childhood illnesses, there is limited clinical evidence regarding its use an abortive therapy for headaches in children (4,5). Our objective was to describe the use of a standard dose of i.v.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intravenous Magnesium As Acute Treatment for Headaches: A Pediatric Case Series

Gertsch

Loharuka²,

Wolter‐Warmerdam

et al. 2014

The Journal of Emergency Medicine

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Background Acute i.v. treatment for pediatric headache varies widely. Objectives Our aim was to describe our experience with i.v. magnesium for acute treatment of pediatric headache. Methods We reviewed the electronic medical records of all patients ages 5 to 18 years old treated with a standard dose of i.v. magnesium for headache at our institution from January 2008 to July 2010. Charts were assessed for headache diagnosis, prior medications given, side effects, tolerability, and response to treatment. Individuals were excluded if they had an underlying unstable medical condition or a secondary etiology for headache. Only first encounters were included if the patient had multiple encounters. Results There were 34 episodes of children who received i.v. magnesium in the emergency department (ED) or hospital. Of these, 14 were excluded because the patients had complex medical conditions (n = 6), they were repeat encounters (n = 7), or known secondary etiology for the headache (n = 1). Of the 20 included charts (range 13–18 years old), 5 had migraine, 4 had tension-type headache, and 11 had status migrainosus. Thirteen were treated in the ED and seven as an inpatient with a standard i.v. dose of magnesium. Ten of thirteen adolescents receiving i.v. magnesium in the ED were admitted for further headache treatment but not for side effects, and three were discharged home. Side effects of treatment included pain (1 of 20), redness (1 of 20), burning (1 of 20), and decreased respiratory rate without change in oxygenation (1 of 20). Conclusions In our case series, adolescents given i.v. magnesium as an abortive therapy for headache experienced minimal side effects and further studies should evaluate for effectiveness.

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Influence of heart surgery on magnesium concentrations in pediatric patients

Abstract: Mg concentrations showed significant decrease after CPB; however, they showed quick recovery and did not increase the incidence of dysrhythmia in pediatric patients.

Cited by 12 publications

References 18 publications

Impact of LL-37 on anti-infective immunity

Impact of LL-37 on anti-infective immunity

The Roles of Antimicrobial Peptides in Innate Host Defense

Intravenous Magnesium As Acute Treatment for Headaches: A Pediatric Case Series

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