Influence of Heat Treatment on the Microstructure and Hardness of 17-4PH Stainless Steel Fabricated Through Direct Energy Deposition

Choo, Woong; Ebrahimian, Marzieh; Choi, Kyunsuk; Kim, Jeoung Han

doi:10.1007/s12540-022-01333-2

Cited by 15 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The enhanced microhardness is due to a finer grain size, a higher dislocation density, and a much higher carbon concentration in DED QT17-4+ (0.17 vs 0.03 wt.% in the wrought steel). Choo et al [66] measured the microhardness of DED'ed 17-4PH and heat-treated DED 17-4PH steel as 354 and 361 VHN, respectively. The increase in the microhardness after heat treatment was due to the formation of copper-rich precipitates.…”

Section: Mechanical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Process Parameter Optimization of Directed Energy Deposited QT17‐4+ Steel

Sharma,

Popov,

Farkoosh

et al. 2024

Adv Materials Technologies

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The feasibility of using argon‐atomized QT 17‐4+ stainless steel powder for directed energy deposition (DED) additive manufacturing is studied. The QT 17‐4+ steel is a novel martensitic steel designed based on the compositional modification of the standard 17‐4 precipitation‐hardened (PH) stainless steel. This modification aims to achieve better mechanical properties of as‐deposited components compared to the heat‐treated wrought 17‐4PH steel. In this study, QT 17‐4+ steel powder is used for DED, for the first time. The influence of laser power, laser scan speed, powder feed rate, and hatch overlap on the density is studied. The central composite design is used to determine the experimental matrix of these factors. The response surface methodology is used to obtain the empirical statistical prediction model. Both columnar and equiaxed parent austenite grain structures are observed. X‐ray diffraction analyses reveal a decrease in the percentage of retained austenite from 19% in the powder to 5% after DED. The microhardness of the DED processed sample in the as‐deposited state is slightly higher than that of wrought 17‐4PH steel either solution‐annealed or H900‐aged. A higher 0.2% yield strength, a lower ultimate tensile strength, and lower elongation are observed for the vertically printed test sample, when compared to the horizontal one.

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Section: Mechanical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The microhardness of the QT17-4+ steel is thus 25% higher than that of a "standard" DED 17-4PH steel in the as-printed state. [66] Figure 6b displays a stress-strain plot of QT17-4+ steel DED'ed under the optimal process parameters. Force and strain values were obtained from the load cell and DIC analysis, respectively.…”

Section: Mechanical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Process Parameter Optimization of Directed Energy Deposited QT17‐4+ Steel

Sharma,

Popov,

Farkoosh

et al. 2024

Adv Materials Technologies

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“…The recent surge in interest towards fabricating functionally graded materials (FGMs) [22][23][24], which feature a gradual change in the mixture ratio of two or more materials based on location, has opened up new avenues in materials engineering. Titanium, with its high-strength and lightweight characteristics, emerges as an ideal candidate for incorporation into FGMs [23,24]. Its selection as a material in AM processes like DED and PBF has broadened its application spectrum.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced Microstructure and Wear Resistance of Ti–6Al–4V Alloy with Vanadium Carbide Coating via Directed Energy Deposition

Ko,

Jung,

Kang

et al. 2024

Materials

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Ti–6Al–4V alloys are known for their suboptimal tribological properties and are often challenged by durability issues under severe wear conditions. This study was conducted to enhance the alloy’s wear resistance by forming a hardened surface layer. Utilizing directed energy deposition (DED) additive manufacturing with a diode laser, vanadium carbide particles were successfully integrated onto a Ti–6Al–4V substrate. This approach deviates from traditional surface enhancement techniques like surface hardening and cladding, as it employs DED additive manufacturing under parameters akin to those used in standard Ti–6Al–4V production. The formed vanadium carbide layer achieved a remarkable thickness of over 400 µm and a Vickers hardness surpassing 1500 HV. Pin-on-disk test results further corroborated the enhanced surface wear properties of the Ti–6Al–4V alloy following the additive-manufacturing process. These findings suggest that employing vanadium carbide additive manufacturing, under conditions similar to the conventional DED process with a diode laser, significantly improves the surface wear properties of Ti–6Al–4V in metal 3D-printing applications.

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“…Titanium alloys and stainless steels are two of the most widely used materials in many critical applications owing to their superior mechanical properties, excellent corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility. Welding these materials is of great interest in many industries, including the aerospace, marine, and biomedical fields [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ]. However, welding titanium and stainless steel alloys is challenging due to their inherently different metallurgical properties, which can lead to the formation of brittle intermetallic compounds (IMCs) and thermal distortion during welding [ 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interlayer Tailoring of Ti–6Al–4V and 17-4PH Stainless Steel Joint by Tungsten Inert Gas Welding

et al. 2023

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The development of robust and efficient methods for constructing and joining complex metal specimens with high bonding quality and durability is of paramount importance for various industries, e.g., aerospace, deep space, and automobiles. This study investigated the fabrication and characterization of two types of multilayered specimens prepared by tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding: Ti–6Al–4V/V/Cu/Monel400/17-4PH (Specimen 1) and Ti–6Al–4V/Nb/Ni–Ti/Ni–Cr/17-4PH (Specimen 2). The specimens were fabricated by depositing individual layers of each material onto a Ti–6Al–4V base plate, and subsequently welding them to the 17-4PH steel. The specimens exhibited an effective internal bonding without any cracks, accompanied by a high tensile strength, with Specimen 1 exhibiting a significantly higher tensile strength than Specimen 2. However, the substantial interlayer penetration of Fe and Ni in the Cu and Monel layers of Specimen 1 and the diffusion of Ti along the Nb and Ni–Ti layers in Specimen 2 resulted in a nonuniform elemental distribution, raising concerns about the lamination quality. This study successfully achieved elemental separation of Fe/Ti and V/Fe, which is vital for preventing the formation of detrimental intermetallic compounds, particularly in the fabrication of complex multilayered specimens, representing the prime novelty of this work. Our study highlights the potential of TIG welding for the fabrication of complex specimens with high bonding quality and durability.

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Influence of Heat Treatment on the Microstructure and Hardness of 17-4PH Stainless Steel Fabricated Through Direct Energy Deposition

Cited by 15 publications

References 23 publications

Process Parameter Optimization of Directed Energy Deposited QT17‐4+ Steel

Process Parameter Optimization of Directed Energy Deposited QT17‐4+ Steel

Enhanced Microstructure and Wear Resistance of Ti–6Al–4V Alloy with Vanadium Carbide Coating via Directed Energy Deposition

Interlayer Tailoring of Ti–6Al–4V and 17-4PH Stainless Steel Joint by Tungsten Inert Gas Welding

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