Influence of High Energy Ball Milling on the Carbothermic Reduction of Ilmenite

Pan, Fu Sheng; Li, Kui; Tang, Ai Tao; Wang, Yu; Guo, Zhengxiao

doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.437-438.105

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…A striking feature of the presented measurements was the reduction in the decomposition temperatures of mechanically activated TTCP compared with crystalline TTCP from ∼600° to ∼200°C. This is in agreement with previous investigations on the thermal behavior of mechanically activated ilmenite and pyrites, 13,14 where it was also demonstrated that mechanical activation led to a decrease in decomposition temperature. These authors proposed that an increase in lattice distortions caused by mechanical activation enabled decomposition to occur at significantly lower temperatures.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Thermal Performance of Mechanically Activated Tetracalcium Phosphate

Gbureck

Hofmann

Barralet

2005

Journal of the American Ceramic Society

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Prolonged high‐energy ball milling of tetracalcium phosphate (TTCP) resulted in a mechanical activation with the formation of nanocrystalline or amorphous domains within the compound. This mechanically activated material demonstrated a completely different thermal behavior compared with highly crystalline TTCP. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements indicated the presence of exothermic reactions between 370° and 480°C and between 630° and 930°C for 24 h‐milled TTCP, which could be related to conversion to an apatitic phase and calcium oxide (CaO) and crystallization of these products during heating. X‐ray diffraction analyses showed that mechanically activated TTCP began converting to an apatitic phase at ∼200°C and fully converted to an apatitic phase and amorphous CaO at 600°C, and a crystalline phase of CaO subsequently appeared around 800°–1200°C. Reconversion to TTCP was observed between 1200° and 1400°C. In contrast, crystalline TTCP remained stable up to 500°C and decomposed to an apatitic phase and CaO around 600°–1000°C.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Thermal Performance of Mechanically Activated Tetracalcium Phosphate

Gbureck

Hofmann

Barralet

2005

Journal of the American Ceramic Society

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“…the formation of amorphous materials by mechanical energy input, is a well-established and investigated method for metals and ceramics [20] to increase reaction rates and lower the reaction temperatures of materials. A recent study found an increase in the reactivity of TTCP by mechanical activation during high-energy ball milling, which enabled the preparation of single-component TTCP cements with a high conversion rate to HA in aqueous phase [12].…”

Section: Solubility and Reactivity In Aqueous Solutionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tetracalcium phosphate: Synthesis, properties and biomedical applications

2010

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“…Several researchers have found that the carbothermal reduction process of iron-containing minerals could be significantly promoted by mechanical activation. In the preparation of rutile or iron-based wear-resistant materials (Fe-TiC or Fe-Ti(C, N) composite materials) by carbothermic reduction of ilmenite, mechanical activation of ilmenite and graphite can observably increase the reaction rate and decrease the onset reaction temperature (Chen et al, 2015;El-Sadek et al, 2013;Pan et al, 2003;Welham, 1996;Y. Chen, 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of mechanical activation on carbothermic reduction and nitridation of titanomagnetite concentrates

Wen¹,

Yu²,

Zeng³

et al. 2021

Physicochem. Probl. Miner. Process.

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The carbothermic reduction and nitridation process of titanomagnetite concentrates with the help of mechanical activation were investigated by particle size analysis, thermodynamic calculation, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and energydispersive spectroscopy analysis. The thermogravimetric and X-ray diffraction results indicated that either the reduction of iron oxide or the reduction and nitridation of M3O5 to TiN could be promoted significantly with the increase in activation time. The results obtained from scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy showed that, when samples were not activated, chunks of and thin M3O5 were derived from the reduction of ilmenite and titanomagnetite. They were severely sintered with impurities to form a dense structure. As a result, M3O5 was difficult to be converted to TiN, especially chunks of M3O5. However, when samples were activated, the sintering degrees of the impurity and M3O5 were mitigated, and the particle size of the iron as a medium for delivering C to M3O5 was decreased in the roasted product. This condition enhanced the diffusion of C to the surface of M3O5. Meanwhile, the bulk of ilmenite was broken in the activation process, which prevented the formation of chunks of M3O5. Thus, the conversion of M3O5 to TiN was promoted.

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Influence of High Energy Ball Milling on the Carbothermic Reduction of Ilmenite

Cited by 8 publications

References 0 publications

Thermal Performance of Mechanically Activated Tetracalcium Phosphate

Thermal Performance of Mechanically Activated Tetracalcium Phosphate

Tetracalcium phosphate: Synthesis, properties and biomedical applications

Effect of mechanical activation on carbothermic reduction and nitridation of titanomagnetite concentrates

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