“…A significant amount of past research in PPP projects for roadway construction and preservation has focused on the identification of factors affecting cost savings, cost overrun, time delays, and change orders (Rowland, 1981;Hester et al, 1991;Majid and McCaffer, 1998;Jacoby, 2001;Ellis and Thomas, 2003;Fimpong et al, 2003;Flyvbjerg et al, 2003;Bordat et al, 2004;Odeck, 2004;Assaf and Al-Hejji, 2006;Gkritza and Labi, 2008;Anastasopoulos et al, 2010aAnastasopoulos et al, ,b,c, 2011Anastasopoulos et al, , 2014Serag et al, 2010;Ambituuni, 2011;Irfan et al, 2011;Cantarelli et al, 2012). For example, Odeck (2004) formulated a regression framework to investigate the factors affecting cost overrun in roadway construction projects and found that small-scale projects are more vulnerable to cost overrun.…”