“…The online diagnostic techniques supplemented with other measurement tools have significantly facilitated the development of process maps for HVOF process optimization. These experimental investigations studied the effect of operating parameters including gun type, fuel type, feedstock type and size, combustion pressure, fuel/ oxygen ratio, spray distance on the particle temperature, velocity, melting ratio, oxidant content and the resulting coating microstructure, porosity, hardness, wear abrasion, and corrosion resistance (e.g., Ref 3,28,34,[48][49][50]61,62,65,71,[81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92]. The experimental studies have been supplemented by CFD modeling efforts (Ref 10-13, 15-21, 23), which provide fundamental understanding of the gas dynamics, particle in-flight, and impact.…”