Influence of Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Chain Length of C_iE_j Surfactants on the Solubilization of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients

Abstract

Up to 90% of all newly developed active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are poorly water soluble, most likely also showing a low oral bioavailability. In order to increase the aqueous solubility of these APIs, surfactants are promising excipients to increase both solubility and consequently bioavailability (e.g., in lipidand surfactant-based drug delivery systems). In this work, we investigated the influence of hydrophobic and hydrophilic chain lengths of C i E j surfactants (C 8 E 6 , C 10 E 6 , and C 10 E 8 ) toward the solubilization of fenofibrate, naproxen, and lidocaine. Furthermore, we investigated the partitioning of these APIs between the surfactant aggregates and the surrounding aqueous bulk phase. For all APIs considered, we determined the locus of API solubilization as well as the individual aggregation numbers (N agg ) of surfactants and API molecules in an API/surfactant aggregate. We further determined the hydrodynamic radius (R h ) of the API/surfactant aggregates in the absence and presence of the APIs. The size of the API/surfactant aggregates (N agg , R h ) passes through a minimum upon lidocaine solubilization; it gradually increases upon naproxen solubilization and is almost constant upon fenofibrate solubilization. The results give valuable insights into the solubilization mechanisms of APIs in the C i E j surfactant aggregates. Our results reveal that fenofibrate is solely solubilized in the hydrophobic core of the C i E j surfactant aggregates, as only the hydrophobic chain length of the surfactant influences its solubilization. Naproxen is solubilized in the palisade layer of the surfactant aggregates, as both the hydrophobic and hydrophilic chain lengths are decisive for its solubilization. Lidocaine is mainly solubilized in the rather hydrophilic corona region of the surfactant aggregates, as the hydrophilic chain length of the surfactant governs its solubilization. The results further reveal that the hydrophilic/lipophilic balance is not an appropriate measure to estimate the solubilization capacity of surfactant aggregates.