Influence of Indium addition on microstructural and mechanical behavior of Sn solder alloys: Experiments and first principles calculations

Luktuke, Amey; Singaravelu, Arun Sundar S.; Mannodi-Kanakkithodi, Arun; Chawla, Nikhilesh

doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2023.118853

Cited by 28 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Indium-added pure tin solders may replace lead-tin eutectic solders soon. As is widely known, Pb-Sn alloys pose significant hazards to both the environment and human health due to the toxicity of lead [9][10][11][12]. Gallium and indium are considered rare metals from a technological point of view.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on the Recovery and Separation of Gallium and Indium from Waste

Kluczka

2024

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Gallium and indium are crucial metals in various industries, such as the medical and telecommunication industries. They can find applications as pure metals, alloys and alloy admixtures, oxides, organometallic compounds, and compounds with elements such as nitrogen or arsenic. Recovery of these two metals from waste is an important issue for two main reasons. First, gallium and indium are scattered in the Earth’s crust and their minerals are too rare to serve as a primary source. Second, e-waste contributes to the rapidly growing problem of Earth littering, as its amount increased significantly in recent years. Therefore, it is essential to develop and implement procedures that will enable the recovery of valuable elements from waste and limit the emission of harmful substances into the environment. This paper discusses technological operations and methods that are currently used or may be used to produce pure gallium and indium or their oxides from waste. The first step was described—waste pretreatment, including disassembly and sorting in several stages. Then, mechanical treatment as well as physical, chemical, and physicochemical separations were discussed. The greatest emphasis was placed on the hydrometallurgical methods of gallium and indium recovery, to be more precise on the extraction and various sorption methods following the leaching stage. Methods of obtaining pure metals or metal oxides and their refining processes were also mentioned.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on the Recovery and Separation of Gallium and Indium from Waste

Kluczka

2024

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“…However, the high price of silver has limited the further application of Ag-based brazing alloys [14]. Some alloying elements, such as In, Zn, Sb, Bi, Ni and rare-earth (RE) metals, have been added to Ag-Cu-Sn-based alloys in order to reduce costs and improve the performance of brazing/soldering alloys [15][16][17][18][19][20]. The reported investigations indicated that the addition of In can lower liquidus and solidus temperatures of Ag-Cu-Sn-based alloys and refine the grain to improve the strength of the joints [15,16,21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some alloying elements, such as In, Zn, Sb, Bi, Ni and rare-earth (RE) metals, have been added to Ag-Cu-Sn-based alloys in order to reduce costs and improve the performance of brazing/soldering alloys [15][16][17][18][19][20]. The reported investigations indicated that the addition of In can lower liquidus and solidus temperatures of Ag-Cu-Sn-based alloys and refine the grain to improve the strength of the joints [15,16,21]. The mechanical properties of Ag-Cu-Sn-based alloys are greatly influenced by the formed microstructure during the solidification process [22,23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructure and Phase Transition of Ag50.5Cu33.3Sn16.2-xInx Alloys through Experimental Study and Thermodynamic Calculation

Tong

Rong

Wang

2023

Metals

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In this study, the solidified microstructure and phase transition temperatures of Ag50.5Cu33.3Sn16.2-xInx (x = 5.0, 6.6, 8.2, 9.1, 9.9, 10.7, 11.5, 12.3; at.%) alloys were investigated using a scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). The experimental microstructure of Ag50.5Cu33.3Sn16.2-xInx alloys demonstrates that the phase fraction of Fcc(Ag) phase increased gradually as the addition of In increased, while the phase fraction of Fcc(Cu) phase decreased. Moreover, the liquidus temperatures of Ag50.5Cu33.3Sn16.2-xInx alloys also decrease with increasing In content. In this work, the Ag-Cu-Sn-In quaternary thermodynamic database was ideally extrapolated from the published literature for Ag-Cu-Sn, Ag-Cu-In, Ag-Sn-In and Cu-Sn-In thermodynamic databases. The calculated vertical section of Ag50.5Cu33.3Sn16.2-Ag50.5Cu33.3In16.2 agreed generally with the phase transition temperatures measured in the present experiment. Finally, the solidification behaviors of Ag50.5Cu33.3Sn16.2-xInx as-cast alloys were analyzed by thermodynamic calculation of the Scheil–Gulliver non-equilibrium model. The simulated solidification processes of some Ag50.5Cu33.3Sn16.2-xInx alloys are, in general, consistent with the experimental results in the present work, which would provide a theoretical basis for the design of novel Ag-Cu-Sn-In brazing alloys.

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