Influence of interfacial interactions on deformation mechanism and interface viscosity in α-chitin–calcite interfaces

Qu, Tao; Verma, Devendra; Alucozai, Milad; Tomar, Vikas

doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2015.06.034

Cited by 38 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…The polymer chains in α‐chitin have an antiparallel arrangement ( Figure a), while β‐chitin have a parallel arrangement. γ‐chitin crystals have both parallel and antiparallel assemblies . In this review, we will focus on α‐chitin as it is the most abundant form found in Nature.…”

Section: Atomic Scalementioning

confidence: 99%

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Multiscale Toughening Mechanisms in Biological Materials and Bioinspired Designs

et al. 2019

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Biological materials found in Nature such as nacre and bone are well recognized as light-weight, strong, and tough structural materials. The remarkable toughness and damage tolerance of such biological materials are conferred through hierarchical assembly of their multiscale (i.e., atomicto macroscale) architectures and components. Herein, the toughening mechanisms of different organisms at multilength scales are identified and summarized: macromolecular deformation, chemical bond breakage, and biomineral crystal imperfections at the atomic scale; biopolymer fibril reconfiguration/deformation and biomineral nanoparticle/nanoplatelet/ nanorod translation, and crack reorientation at the nanoscale; crack deflection and twisting by characteristic features such as tubules and lamellae at the microscale; and structure and morphology optimization at the macroscale. In addition, the actual loading conditions of the natural organisms are different, leading to energy dissipation occurring at different time scales. These toughening mechanisms are further illustrated by comparing the experimental results with computational modeling. Modeling methods at different length and time scales are reviewed. Examples of biomimetic designs that realize the multiscale toughening mechanisms in engineering materials are introduced. Indeed, there is still plenty of room mimicking the strong and tough biological designs at the multilength and time scale in Nature.

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Section: Atomic Scalementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Atomic Scalementioning

confidence: 99%

Multiscale Toughening Mechanisms in Biological Materials and Bioinspired Designs

et al. 2019

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“…This difference in our results could be associated with the differences in the composition between the shrimp exoskeleton and the fungal cell wall. In studies carried out with ground and deep‐water shrimp, it was reported that the exoskeletons of both species possess the same microstructures: chitin, calcite, and other components, which are arranged in a helical structure in layers . In both cases, it is stated that the shrimp exoskeleton is hard and resistant, containing mainly chitin, proteins, and minerals; especially Ca, P, Na, and Zn.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enzymatic treatments as alternative to produce chitin fragments of low molecular weight from Alternaria alternata

García

Troncoso‐Rojas

Tiznado‐Hernández

et al. 2018

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Chitin and its oligosaccharides are involved in the plant defense response against fungal pathogens. In most studies, these molecules come from crustacean shell, and there are scarce studies on the use of fungal chitin. Usually the extraction of chitin is by alkaline treatments, which affect the acetylation degree (DA), and the obtaining of oligosaccharides of low molecular weight; so the use of enzymes is proposed as an alternative treatment to obtain chitin oligosaccharides from fungi. The objective of this work was to characterize the chitin fragments of Alternaria alternata extracted by alkaline and enzymatic treatments. The chitin extracted was ultrasonicated and ultrafiltrated to produce chitin fragments. Enzymatic treatments decreased the protein content to 29%, and the bands corresponding to β‐glucans decreased when β‐1,3‐glucanase was applied. Fragments smaller than 1 kDa, DA of 76.7%, and 35.4 μg glucosamine/mg dry weight were obtained by enzymatic treatments. The enzymatic treatments show promising results to extract chitin fragments from A. alternata without severely affect the DA of the molecule. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47339.

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“…The fibers, ordered in a laminated structure, are frequently reinforced by cross-linking with proteins, minerals, and waxes. Thus, they can be found in different shapes and functions as fungal cell walls, crustacean exoskeletons, insect cuticles, and butterfly wings ( Figure 4) [48,49]. However, alpha-chitin occurs in crustaceans in the predominant crystalline form with a polygonal section profile, consisting of 18-25 molecules with a diameter of 2 and 5 nm and lengths of about 300 nm [45][46][47][48][49].…”

Section: Chitinmentioning

confidence: 99%

A New Carrier for Advanced Cosmeceuticals

Morganti

Coltelli

2019

Cosmetics

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Cosmetic products are generally formulated as emulsions, ointments, solutions or powders containing active ingredients. According to EU legislation, a cosmetic product is “any substance or preparation intended to be placed in contact with the various external parts of the human body with a view exclusively or mainly to cleaning, perfuming them, changing their appearance, and/or correcting body odors and/or protecting them or keeping them in good conditions”. However, science advancement in both active carriers and ingredients has streamlined the process through which many cosmetic products by their delivery systems can induce modifications on the skin physiology. This is the reason why Reed and Kligman redefined these products as “cosmeceuticals”, which refers to the combination of cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. Until recently, the term of cosmeceuticals has not had legal significance. The so-called cosmeceuticals, in fact, may induce modifications on the skin physiology, modifying, for example, transepidermal water loss, keratinocytes cohesion and turnover, modulating the inflammatory cascade, and/or altering the surface microbiota by the activity of the preservatives content. For these reasons, they are claimed to have medical or drug-like benefits. Naturally, their effectiveness on minor skin disorders or mild skin abnormalities has to be shown by in vitro and in vivo studies. On the other hand, their formulations contain emulsifiers, preservatives, and other chemicals which, by their cumulative use, may provoke side effects, such as allergic and/or sensitization phenomena. Moreover, many ingredients and packaging for such products are not biodegradable. In this study, we would like to introduce an innovative category of cosmeceuticals made by biodegradable nonwoven tissues. These cosmeceutical tissues, produced through the use of natural fibers, may bind different active ingredients and therefore become effective as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, sun-protective, whitening, or anti-aging products, depending on the ingredient(s) used. Differently from the usual cosmetics, they do not contain preservatives, emulsifiers, colors, and other chemicals. They can be applied as dried tissue on wet skin, remaining in loco for around 30 min, slowly releasing the active ingredients entrapped into the fibers. It is interesting to underline that the tissue, acting as a carrier, has its own effectiveness via chitin and lignin polymers with an antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activity. When hydrolyzed by the human microbiota enzymes, they give rise to ingredients used as cell nourishment or energy. This paper will review part of the scientific research results, supporting this new category of biodegradable cosmetic products known as facial mask sheets.

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Influence of interfacial interactions on deformation mechanism and interface viscosity in α-chitin–calcite interfaces

Cited by 38 publications

References 71 publications

Multiscale Toughening Mechanisms in Biological Materials and Bioinspired Designs

Multiscale Toughening Mechanisms in Biological Materials and Bioinspired Designs

Enzymatic treatments as alternative to produce chitin fragments of low molecular weight from Alternaria alternata

A New Carrier for Advanced Cosmeceuticals

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