“…Additionally, PIU also has been noted to reduce the ability to experience reward (Guillot, Bello, Tsai, Huh, Leventhal, & Sussman, 2016). Reduction in such cognitive skills and abilities may well impair motivation to study in academic contexts (Kuo, Chen, Chang, Lee, Liu, & Chen, 2018: Reed & Raey, 2015. However, PIU also has been found to be associated with depression (Lai et al, 2015;Morrison & Gore, 2010), anxiety (Romano, Roaro, Re, Osborne, Truzoli, & Reed, 2017;Stavropoulos, Gomez, Steen, Beard, Liew, & Griffiths, 2017), and loneliness (Ostovar, Allahyar, Aminpoor, Moafian, Nor, & Griffiths, 2016).…”