Influence of ionic equilibrium in the CuSO4–H2SO4–H2O system on the formation of irregular electrodeposits of copper

Atomic emission spectroelectrochemistry applied to dealloying phenomena: I. The formation and dissolution of residual copper films on stainless steel

“…On the left hand side, thermodynamic calculations including sulfate species would predict many highly stable complexes and solid species that form between copper ions and reduced sulfate species including CuS and CuS 2 O 3 . However previous studies indicate that these species do not form under conditions similar to our work [42,43] and a TOF-SIMS analysis in our laboratory of stainless steel samples exposed to 2 M H 2 SO 4 did not show the presence of sulfur in the condensed phase. Over the range of chloride concentration and potential investigated here, the major species are Cu, Cu 2+ , and Fig.…”

Influence of potential pulse conditions on the formation of honeycomb-like copper electrodes

“…It is clear that supersaturation of the copper solution which led to the formation of hydrogen bubbles was attained by the application of this square-wave PO. The obtained copper deposit was similar to the one obtained by electrodeposition at a constant overpotential of 800 mV from 0.15 M CuSO 4 in 0.25 M H 2 SO 4 [21]. The average current efficiency of hydrogen evolution of 9.05% which led to the formation of the mixture of holes and degenerate dendrites from 0.15 M CuSO 4 in 0.25 M H 2 SO 4 at 800 mV was insufficient to change hydrodynamic conditions in the near-electrode layer.…”

“…The open and porous copper and copper-tin alloys electrodes, denoted as both 3D foam [1,2,4] and honeycomb-like ones [16][17][18][19][20][21][22], are formed by electrodeposition at high current densities and overpotentials, where parallel to electrodeposition process, the hydrogen evolution reaction occurs. This way of preparing of porous electrodes is denoted as gas bubble dynamic template method, where the hydrogen bubbles function as a dynamic template for the formation of this type of deposits.…”

Formation of the honeycomb-like electrodes by the regime of puslating overpotential in the second range

“…The specific surface area of these structures is determined by the number and size of the holes, as well as by the width of the walls in-between [4]. Aside from copper, which is the most studied system [1,2,[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15], open porous structures of some other technologically important metals, such as tin [1], nickel [16], silver [17,18], gold [19], lead [20], and copper-tin alloys [2], were also investigated.…”

“…Electrodeposition technique was shown to be very favorable way for the production of this type of electrodes [1,2,4]. Open porous copper electrodes, denoted as both 3-D foam [1,2,4] or honeycomb-like electrodes [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13], are formed by electrodeposition at high current densities and overpotentials, when, parallel to electrodeposition process, the hydrogen evolution reaction occurs. The main characteristics of these electrodes are holes or pores formed upon detachment of hydrogen bubbles, surrounded by the agglomerates of metal grains or dendritic particles.…”