Influence of lag length on repetition priming in emotional stimuli:<scp>ERP</scp>evidence

Zhang, Delin; Nie, Aiqing; Wang, Zhixuan; Li, Mengsi

doi:10.1002/jcla.22639

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 40 publications

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“…All of these words were extracted from the ANEW lexicon and were translated into two-character Chinese words. These affective words had also been employed in previous investigations (e.g., Ke et al 2017;Nie et al 2023;Nie and Jiang 2021;Zhang et al 2018;Zhou et al 2020). The emotional valence was rated 1.22-2.49 for negative words (M = 2.00, SD = 0.31) on the nine-point Likert scale.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does Expecting Matter? The Impact of Experimentally Established Expectations on Subsequent Memory Retrieval of Emotional Words

Xiao

Nie

2023

J. Intell.

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Previous studies have confirmed that different degrees of expectation, including the bipolarity of the expected and unexpected, as well as an intermediate level (no expectation), can affect memory. However, only a few investigations have manipulated expectation through experimentally established schema, with no consideration of how expectation impacts both item and source memory. Furthermore, stimulus emotionality may also impact memory. Therefore, we conducted a study to investigate the effects of three levels of expectation on item and source memory while considering the impact of stimulus emotionality. The experiment began with a phase dedicated to learning the rules. In the subsequent study phase, negative and neutral words were manipulated as expected, no expectation, and unexpected, based on these rules. This was followed by tasks focused on item and source memory. The study found that there was a “U-shape” relationship between expectation and item memory. Additionally, the study revealed the distinct impacts of expectation on item and source memory. When it came to item memory, both expected and unexpected words were better remembered than those with no expectations. In source memory, expected words showed memory inferiority for expectation-irrelevant source information, but an advantage for expectation-relevant source information. Stimulus emotionality modulated the effect of expectation on both item and source memory. Our findings provide behavioral evidence for the schema-linked interactions between medial prefrontal and medial temporal regions (SLIMM) theory, which proposes that congruent and incongruent events enhance memory through different brain regions. The different patterns between item and source memory also support dual-process models. Moreover, we speculate that processing events with varying levels of emotionality may undermine the impact of expectation, as implied by other neural investigations.

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