Influence of layering and boundary conditions on fault-bend and fault-propagation folding

Chester, J. S.; Logan, John M.; Spang, John H.

doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1991)103<1059:iolabc>2.3.co;2

Cited by 88 publications

(29 citation statements)

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“…Backthrusting is a common feature in fold-and-thrust belts, and may result from a variety of mechanisms. Some authors (Chester et al 1991;Couzens-Schultz et al 2003;Dahlstrom 1970;Erickson 1995;Erickson et al 2001;Jamison and Pope 1996) state that backthrusting may initiate when a foreland buttressing occurs, and shortening can no longer be accommodated by foreland-directed thrusting. This mechanism may well apply to the Variscan foreland of Sardinia; where the folded, relatively thick and competent package of Cambrian limestone and dolostone in the western part of the foreland may have acted as a buttress that resisted to further foreland-directed propagation of the thrust belt.…”

Section: Kinematic Evolutionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Foreland- and hinterland-verging structures in fold-and-thrust belt: an example from the Variscan foreland of Sardinia

Funedda

2008

Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch)

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In the Variscan foreland of SW-Sardinia\ud (Western Mediterranean sea), close to the leading edge of\ud the nappe zone, nappe emplacement caused folding and\ud repetition of stratigraphic successions, km-scale offset of\ud stratigraphic boundaries and an extensive brittle-ductile\ud shear zone. Thrusts assumed a significant role, accommodating\ud a progressive change of shortening direction and\ud forming complicated thrust triangle zones. During thrust\ud emplacement of the nappes, strong penetrative deformation\ud affected rocks beneath the basal thrust of the nappe stack\ud and produced coeval structures with both foreland-directed\ud and hinterland-directed (backthrusting) shear sense. Crosscutting\ud and overprinting relationships clearly show that the\ud shortening direction changed progressively from N–S to E–\ud W, producing in sequence: (1) E–W trending open folds\ud contemporaneous with early nappe emplacement in the\ud nearby nappe zone; (2) recumbent, quasi-isoclinal folds\ud with axial plane foliation and widespread, ‘‘top-towardsthe-\ud SW’’, penetrative shearing; (3) N–S trending folds with\ud axial plane foliation, contemporaneous with late nappe\ud emplacement; (4) backthrusts and related asymmetrical\ud folds developed during the final stages of shortening,\ud postdating foreland-verging structures. Structures at (3)\ud and (4) occurred during the same tectonic transport ‘‘toptowards-\ud the-E’’ of the nappe zone over the foreland. The\ud several generations of folds, thrusts, and foliations with\ud different orientations developed, result in a complex finite\ud structural architecture, not completely explicable by the\ud theoretical model proposed up to date

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Section: Kinematic Evolutionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Foreland- and hinterland-verging structures in fold-and-thrust belt: an example from the Variscan foreland of Sardinia

Funedda

2008

Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch)

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“…Laboratory experiments and natural folds show the strong dependency of fold shape and style on the spacing and density of interlayer slip surfaces (e.g. Chester et al, 1991;Erickson, 1996;Johnson and Johnson, 2000;Ramsay and Huber, 1987). Not coincidentally, flexural slip or layer parallel shear is a fundamental aspect of many two-dimensional geometric and kinematic models for fault related folding (Epard and Groshong, 1995;Erslev, 1991;Suppe, 1983;Suppe and Medwedeff, 1990).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is plane strain a valid assumption in non-cylindrical fault-cored folds?

Shackleton

Cooke

2007

Journal of Structural Geology

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Many algorithms assume plane strain to construct, model and restore fault-cored folds. Using mechanical models that allow heterogeneous transport in three dimensions, we explore the distribution and magnitude of out-of-plane transport in plunging fault-cored anticlines and provide guidelines of where plane strain should and should not be applied. We developed a new technique of incrementing infinitesimal elastic strains to produce folds with aspect ratios similar to natural folds. Map views of displacement vectors show that in general, out-of-plane displacement is localized near the lateral fold tips. Cross-sections show that out-of-plane transport is depth dependent with out-of-plane displacement increasing toward the surface. Flexural slip surfaces compartmentalize out-of-plane transport within distinct mechanical units, with the maximum outof-plane displacement near the tops of mechanical units. Two-dimensional models with additional frictionally slipping bed contacts suggest that freely slipping contacts can approximate the deformation of many frictionally slipping contacts. We show that out-of-plane transport is significant in the simplest non-cylindrical folds, and suggest that complex non-cylindrical structures should not be modeled using plane strain exclusively. We also show that flexural slip surfaces exert a significant control on the magnitude and structural position of out-of-plane transport in our models.

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“…In summary, the available data only indicate that the mechanical stratigraphy may have controlled the local geometry and kinematics of individual structures, as is common in heterogeneous multilayers (Chester et al, 1991;Butler and McCaffrey, 2004) and is observed in some outcrop examples of the TFB . It is also to be expected that the detachment horizons will preferably locate in mudstone horizons.…”

Section: Potential Rheological Control Over the Structural Developmenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluación de variaciones en el grado de deformación y el estilo estructural a lo largo del frente de la faja corrida y plegada Fueguina, Argentina.

Carbonell

Dimieri

Olivero

2013

Andgeo

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ABSTRACT. The Fuegian thrust-fold belt (TFB) forms the thin-skinned outer wedge of the Andes in Tierra del Fuego. Using subsurface and outcrop data from two areas (Western and Eastern) of the TFB front in Argentina we aimed to verify and characterize the apparent structural variations along the strike. Both areas reveal pro-and retro-vergent faultrelated folds detached at similar horizons, with a youngest early to middle (?) Miocene deformation age. However, the Western Area has gentle, large-wavelength folds whereas the Eastern Area is characterized by a very tight structural geometry, with closer fold geometries. This difference manifests itself in the shortening of analogous structures: below 5.5% in the west as against ~22% in the Eastern Area. Our findings verify structural style variations along the strike and suggest that the Eastern Area endured higher strain. We evaluate two possible causes of this strain gradient, assuming homogeneous regional shortening: (i) lateral rheological variations at the base of the thrust wedge, namely the occurrence of more competent beds which would have restrained the propagation of the detachment toward the east; and (ii) the effect of strong buttressing in the eastern TFB exerted by the Río Chico arch basement promontory during deformation. Published results, together with our current subsurface and outcrop data, rule out significant rheological gradients in a preferred direction along the TFB. On the other hand, we present evidence of the nucleation of frontal thrusts above basement steps at the Río Chico arch western margin, which comprise local buttresses. We speculate that this buttressing was mantained along the TFB front and is enhanced toward the east, where forward TFB propagation was hindered due to the southern projection of the Río Chico promontory. This would explain the higher strain and more complex structural style in the Eastern Area. 439Torres Carbonell et al. / Andean Geology 40 (3): 438-457, 2013 RESUMEN. Evaluación de variaciones en el grado de deformación y el estilo estructural a lo largo del frente de la faja corrida y plegada Fueguina, Argentina. La faja corrida y plegada Fueguina (FCP) comprende el cinturón de piel fina en el antepaís de los Andes en Tierra del Fuego. Con la finalidad de verificar y caracterizar posibles variaciones estructurales a lo largo del frente de la FCP en Argentina, hemos analizado datos de subsuelo y superficie en dos áreas (occidental y oriental). Ambas revelan pliegues relacionados con fallas, tanto provergentes como retrovergentes, que despegan en niveles similares, y tienen una edad mínima miocena temprana a media (?). Sin embargo, en el área occidental el plegamiento es suave y de alta longitud de onda mientras que en el área oriental la estructura es muy apretada, con pliegues más cerrados. Esta diferencia se manifiesta al comparar el acortamiento en estructuras análogas: menor a 5,5% en el oeste contra ~22% en el área oriental. Por lo tanto, queda verificada la existencia de variaciones en el estilo estructur...

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Influence of layering and boundary conditions on fault-bend and fault-propagation folding

Cited by 88 publications

References 0 publications

Foreland- and hinterland-verging structures in fold-and-thrust belt: an example from the Variscan foreland of Sardinia

Foreland- and hinterland-verging structures in fold-and-thrust belt: an example from the Variscan foreland of Sardinia

Is plane strain a valid assumption in non-cylindrical fault-cored folds?

Evaluación de variaciones en el grado de deformación y el estilo estructural a lo largo del frente de la faja corrida y plegada Fueguina, Argentina.

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