Background Muscle fatigability can increase when a stressful, cognitively demanding task is imposed during a low-force fatiguing contraction with the arm muscles, especially in women. Whether this occurs among older adults ([ 60 years) is currently unknown. Questions/purposes We aimed to determine if higher cognitive demands, stratified by sex, increased fatigability in older adults ([ 60 years). Secondarily, we assessed if varying cognitive demand resulted in decreased steadiness and was explained by anxiety or cortisol levels.Methods Seventeen older women (70 ± 6 years) and 13 older men (71 ± 5 years) performed a sustained, isometric, fatiguing contraction at 20% of maximal voluntary contraction until task failure during three sessions: high cognitive demand (high CD = mental subtraction by 13); low cognitive demand (low CD = mental subtraction by 1); and control (no subtraction). Results Fatigability was greater when high and low CD were performed during the fatiguing contraction for the women but not for the men. In women, time to failure with high CD was 16 ± 8 minutes and with low CD was 17 ± 4 minutes, both of which were shorter than time to failure in control contractions (21 ± 7 minutes; high CD mean difference: 5 minutes [95% confidence interval {CI}, 0.78-9.89], p = 0.02; low CD mean difference: 4 minutes [95% CI, 0.57-7.31], p = 0.03). However, in men, no differences were detected in time to failure with cognitive demand (control: 13 ± 5 minutes; high CD mean difference: À0.09 minutes [95% CI, À2.8 to 2.7], p = 1.00; low CD mean difference: 0.75 minutes [95% CI, À1.1 to 2.6], p = 0.85). Steadiness decreased (force fluctuations increased) more during high CD than control. Elevated anxiety, mean arterial pressure, and salivary cortisol levels in both men and women did not explain the greater fatigability during high CD. Conclusions Older women but not men showed marked increases in fatigability when low or high CD was imposed