Influence of Micro-Aluminum Addition to Paraffin-Based Fuels on Graphite Nozzle Erosion Rate

Karakaş, Hakkı Muammer; Kara, Ozan; Kahraman, Busra; Eren, Busra Nimet; Özkol, İbrahim; Karabeyoğlu, Arif

doi:10.2514/6.2020-3752

Cited by 3 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…This effect has been partly traced back to the fact that the aluminum reacts to aluminum oxide ( Al 2 O 3 ), effectively reducing the concentration of oxidizing species at the nozzle throat. The second effect is that a liquid Al 2 O 3 film is formed that protects the nozzle graphite [145]. However, as stated in Sect.…”

Section: Combustion Efficiencymentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Water vapor, for example, accounts to approximately 50% of the total nozzle ablation [144]. Nozzle erosion, especially in long burning applications, decreases chamber pressure and specific impulses of rocket engines [144,145]. This is why it is important to also consider possible effects of the regression rate enhancing methods on the throat erosion.…”

Section: The Impact Of Regression Rate Enhancement On Nozzle Erosionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Reducing the Oxidizing Species of the Flow Additives such as aluminum (Al), have shown to decrease the erosion by 45% [145]. This effect has been partly traced back to the fact that the aluminum reacts to aluminum oxide ( Al 2 O 3 ), effectively reducing the concentration of oxidizing species at the nozzle throat.…”

Section: Combustion Efficiencymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The side effects on nozzle erosion can be countered with novel solutions. These techniques use either regeneratively cooled systems (which is very delicate with liquid oxidizers [145]), or different materials and mitigation approaches. As an example, Narsai [147] proposes to place a small fuel sliver directly upstream the nozzle to deliberately trigger a cooling fuel film.…”

Section: Combustion Efficiencymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As an example, Narsai [147] proposes to place a small fuel sliver directly upstream the nozzle to deliberately trigger a cooling fuel film. Similary, Karakas et al [145] glued a ring of aluminum-doped paraffin at the front of the pure paraffin fuel, creating a cooling film that decreased erosion by more than 40%.…”

Section: Combustion Efficiencymentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Evaluation of Regression Rate Enhancing Concepts and Techniques for Hybrid Rocket Engines

Glaser

Hijlkema

Anthoine

2022

Aerotec. Missili Spaz.

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The low regression rate of Hybrid Rocket Engines (HREs) is one prominent characteristic that is addressed in most abstracts concerning hybrid propulsion. Over the years, researchers developed and investigated numerous ways to tackle the low regression rate problem of HREs. This article is a collection and assessment of these diverse methods and designs. It allows for a quick overview of the different mechanisms that are being employed and can serve both as information and inspiration. The enhancement ideas are grouped together as (a) adjustments to the solid fuel chemical properties, (b) advanced injection methods and concepts and (c) improving the combustion chamber design. These different techniques are discussed and their individual impact on the regression rate is assessed both qualitatively and quantitatively. All methods that are presented come with a different set of advantages and disadvantages, making the regression rate enhancement a trade-off problem. In our view, the most promising designs and methods are those that only call for minor adjustments to the HRE design, as they can be also added to already existing engines. Above all, it is to be said that regression rate enhancing techniques that change the unique features of HREs (namely safety, simplicity and low cost) are to be employed with caution. Only if the achievable regression rate increase is justifying the implications for the HRE in the envisioned use-case, these concepts represent promising alternatives to the status quo.

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Section: Combustion Efficiencymentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: The Impact Of Regression Rate Enhancement On Nozzle Erosionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Combustion Efficiencymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Combustion Efficiencymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Combustion Efficiencymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of Regression Rate Enhancing Concepts and Techniques for Hybrid Rocket Engines

Glaser

Hijlkema

Anthoine

2022

Aerotec. Missili Spaz.

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Numerical Analysis of Nozzle Erosion in Hybrid Rockets and Comparison with Experiments

Bianchi¹,

Migliorino²,

Rotondi³

et al. 2022

Journal of Propulsion and Power

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Bridging the Technology Gap: Strategies for Hybrid Rocket Engines

Glaser,

Hijlkema,

Anthoine

2023

Aerospace

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Hybrid rocket propulsion, first demonstrated by the Russian GIRD-09 rocket in 1933, combines liquid oxidizer and solid fuel for thrust generation. Despite numerous advantages, such as enhanced safety, controllability, and potential environmental benefits, hybrid propulsion has yet to achieve its full potential in space applications. In recent years, the research on hybrid propulsion has gained enormous momentum in both academia and industry. Recent accomplishments such as the altitude record for student rockets (64 km), the launch of the first electric pump-fed hybrid rocket, and a successful 25 s hovering test highlight the potential of hybrid rockets. However, although the hybrid community is growing constantly, industrial utilizations and in-space validations do not yet exist. In this work, we reassess the possibilities of hybrid rocket engines by presenting potential fields of applications from the literature. Most importantly, we identify the technical challenges that hinder the breakthrough of hybrid propulsion in the space sector and evaluate the technologies and approaches necessary to bridge the gaps in hybrid rocket development.

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Influence of Micro-Aluminum Addition to Paraffin-Based Fuels on Graphite Nozzle Erosion Rate

Cited by 3 publications

References 4 publications

Evaluation of Regression Rate Enhancing Concepts and Techniques for Hybrid Rocket Engines

Evaluation of Regression Rate Enhancing Concepts and Techniques for Hybrid Rocket Engines

Numerical Analysis of Nozzle Erosion in Hybrid Rockets and Comparison with Experiments

Bridging the Technology Gap: Strategies for Hybrid Rocket Engines

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