Influence of Microstructure and Defects on Mechanical Properties of AISI H13 Manufactured by Electron Beam Powder Bed Fusion

Kahlert, Moritz; Brenne, F.; Vollmer, Malte; Niendorf, Thoralf

doi:10.1007/s11665-021-06059-7

Cited by 19 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…The preliminary process optimisation was performed on the H13 powder under a hatch space and layer thickness of 77 and 30 μm, respectively, by controlling the laser power (280–360 W) and laser scan speed (400–1200 mm/s) without build plate preheating during the SLM process to obtain dense samples (see Figure 3 and Supplementary Figure S1). Based on our preliminary study, when the volumetric energy density (VED) was below 100 J/mm 3 , lack of fusion (LOF) defects having sharp shape were detected in the samples due to low heat input [11–14]. On the other hand, when the VED is over 245 J/mm 3 , hot-crack defects could be produced due to excessive heat input to the samples during SLM process.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-speed manufacturing-driven strength-ductility improvement of H13 tool steel fabricated by selective laser melting

Kim,

Park,

Eom

et al. 2023

Powder Metallurgy

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H13 tool steel was additively manufactured by selective laser melting (SLM). The sample printed at a higher laser scan speed exhibited higher strength and ductility than those of the sample printed at a lower speed. The samples were repeatedly exposed to a massive heat input during the SLM. The in-situ tempering effect was applied to the sample; the phase fraction is changed by varying the heat input by controlling the laser scan speed. The microstructure analysis showed that the sample printed at a higher scan speed had a higher fraction of retained austenite than at a lower speed. The former was affected by deformation-induced martensitic transformation with enhanced strain-hardening ability. This study entailed the control of process parameters to improve the mechanical properties and the productivity of SLM-printed H13 tool steel. It investigated the relationship between the laser scan speed and the phase fraction, whose effect on the mechanical properties was confirmed.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-speed manufacturing-driven strength-ductility improvement of H13 tool steel fabricated by selective laser melting

Kim,

Park,

Eom

et al. 2023

Powder Metallurgy

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“…However the removal of sintered powder in tempering channels can be difficult [14]. Maybe that is one reason why there is only one study [15] investigating the properties of PBF-EB H13 parts in the last years, instead of countless articles, which were summarized by [16] about processing H13 via PBF-LB. Although H13 shows various challenges in terms of cracking during PBF-LB which were shown in detail by [17].…”

Section: 𝑞̇ = 𝛼 • ∆𝜗 𝑙𝑛mentioning

confidence: 99%

Tailoring flow behavior and heat transfer in tempering channels for high pressure die casting – Analysis of potentials of commercial static mixers and prospects of additive manufacturing

Sode¹,

Kahlert²,

Arold³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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High Pressure Die Casting (HPDC) is an economic manufacturing processes for production of complex, multifunctional and thin-walled metal components with near-net-shape geometries. During die filling and subsequent solidification of the component in the die, efficient and robust control of temperature is of utmost importance. This is mostly achieved by fluid-based temperature control systems. Eventually, the heat transfer between the fluid and the die determines total cycle times. In present work the impact of static mixers and most relevant processing conditions is investigated experimentally as well by Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation. Static mixer elements are integrated into straight tempering channels to stimulate turbulences of the flowing tempering medium and, eventually, increase the heat transfer coefficient α. In a second step, prospects related to additive manufacturing (AM) of moulds by means of Laser Powder Bed Fusion (PBF-LB) are detailed and discussed. The unprecedented design freedom of AM opens up numerous possibilities for positioning the static mixer elements, as highlighted for helical mixers in tempering channels of HPDC die casting moulds made of AISI H13 (X40CrMoV5-1, 1.2344). Obviously, in recent years AM already has been exploited to establish near-contour temperature control systems in industrial applications, i.e., for conformal cooling. However, the flow-influencing mixing elements investigated in the present work have not been considered so far. As will be highlighted by the results presented, a positive impact on heat transfer and, thus, further increase in terms of the economic efficiency of the HPDC process arises from the concepts introduced.

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“…Hardness values of 46 HRC to 50 HRC and an ultimate tensile strength of 1400 MPa have been established [17]. The mechanical properties, especially the elongation at fracture, are influenced by the defect structure [18]. A needle-like microstructure, likely consisting of bainite and martensite, is observed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Manufacturing of Tool Steels by PBF-EB

Kirchner

Klöden

Franke-Jurisch

et al. 2021

Metals

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Additive manufacturing (AM) of metals is stimulating the tool making industry. Moreover, besides the production of lost forms, AM processes are now being used to directly generate tools, molds or parts, leading to massive time savings. In the case of material development for AM, the challenge is to operate with carbon-containing iron-based materials distinguished by high strength and hardness, as well as high corrosion resistance and thermal conductivity. Often, those materials are susceptible to crack formation during processing. Using Electron Beam Powder Bed Fusion (PBF-EB), the challenge of crack formation can be overcome by using high process temperatures in the range 800–900 °C. In this paper, results on the processing of a cold-working tool steel (X65MoCrWV3-2) and a hot-working steel (X37CrMoV5-1) will be presented. These include the processing window, processing strategies to minimize the density of cracks and properties with respect to microstructure and hardness.

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Influence of Microstructure and Defects on Mechanical Properties of AISI H13 Manufactured by Electron Beam Powder Bed Fusion

Cited by 19 publications

References 32 publications

High-speed manufacturing-driven strength-ductility improvement of H13 tool steel fabricated by selective laser melting

High-speed manufacturing-driven strength-ductility improvement of H13 tool steel fabricated by selective laser melting

Tailoring flow behavior and heat transfer in tempering channels for high pressure die casting – Analysis of potentials of commercial static mixers and prospects of additive manufacturing

Manufacturing of Tool Steels by PBF-EB

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