Influence of Monocalcium Phosphate on the Properties of Bioactive Magnesium Phosphate Bone Cement for Bone Regeneration

Abstract

Bone defects occurring for various reasons can lead to deformities and dysfunctions of the human body. Considering the need for clinical applications, it is essential for bone regeneration to exploit a scaffold with bioactive bone cement. In this study, we fabricated bioactive magnesium phosphate bone cement (BMPC) at room temperature; then, it was set at to °Cand 100% humidity for 2 h. The process was as follows: Simulating a clinical environment, magnesium oxide (MgO) was formed by calcining basic magnesium carbonate (Mg2(OH)2CO3). MgO, potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4) and carboxymethyl chitosan (C20H37N3O14, CMC) were mixed to form magnesium phosphate bone cement (MPC); then, monocalcium phosphate (Ca(H2PO4)2) was added to neutralize the alkaline product after MPC hydration to fabricate bioactive magnesium phosphate bone cement (BMPC). The influence of the doped content of Ca(H2PO4)2 on the properties of bone cement was discussed. The results showed that Ca(H2PO4)2 and CMC can adjust the setting time of bone cement to between 8 and 25 min. The compressive strength increased first and then decreased. After 48 h without additional pressure, the compressive strength reached the maximum value, which was about 38.6 MPa. Ca(H2PO4)2 and CMC can play a synergistic role in regulating the properties of BMPC. The BMPC was degradable in the simulated body fluid (SBF). The results of the cytotoxicity experiment and laser confocal microscopy experiment indicated that BMPC fabricated at room temperature had better biocompatibility and degradability, which was more consistent with clinical operation requirements. BMPC is a promising orthopedic material and is suitable for repairing bone defects.

An injectable bioactive poly(γ‐glutamic acid) modified magnesium phosphate bone cement for bone regeneration

“…To overcome above-referred defects and improve the performances of MPC for meeting the demands in clinical applications, the general strategies include introducing polymer, reaction retardants and using amorphous magnesium phosphate as the solid precursor. [12][13][14][15][16] Recently, many organic polymer have been introduced into the MPC system and have been proved has positive effect on overcoming the defects of MPC. 12,17,18 Among natural polymers, as an edible and non-toxic anionic polypeptide, poly(γ-glutamic acid) (γ-PGA) which naturally synthesized by Bacillus subtilis in fermented soybeans have received particular interest in foods, medicine and drug delivery systems due to its water-soluble, biodegradable, biocompatible, non-toxic, non-immunogenic, and edible properties.…”

The corrosion inhibition mechanism of Ca(H2PO4)2 on AZ91D magnesium alloy in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution

“…35 In addition, the elements contained in Ca(H 2 PO 4 ) 2 are important components of bone composition, and the magnesium alloy has an elastic modulus closely matching human cortical bone, and the bone cement produced by the two together has also been studied. 36,37 In this work, we attempted to use Ca(H 2 PO 4 ) 2 as a green corrosion inhibitor for AZ91D magnesium alloy in 3.5 wt% NaCl, and measured its corrosion inhibition behavior and efficiency by EIS and polarization curve methods. The surface morphologies and phase composition were analyzed by high-definition video measuring microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), and the corrosion inhibition mechanism was elucidated.…”

“…35 In addition, the elements contained in Ca(H 2 PO 4 ) 2 are important components of bone composition, and the magnesium alloy has an elastic modulus closely matching human cortical bone, and the bone cement produced by the two together has also been studied. 36,37…”

Hydration Behavior of Magnesium Potassium Phosphate Cement: Experimental Study and Thermodynamic Modeling

“…high strength at an early age [ 4 , 5 , 6 ], rapid setting [ 7 ], strong bonding to concrete substrates [ 8 , 9 , 10 ], and excellent durability [ 11 ]. Therefore, it is widely used in various fields, including the repair of civil structures [ 7 ], the stabilization/solidification (S/S) of low-level nuclear wastes and heavy metal wastes [ 12 , 13 , 14 ], treatment of waste water [ 15 ] and restorations of teeth and bones [ 16 , 17 , 18 ]. Generally, the representative phosphates are ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (NH 4 H 2 PO 4 ) and potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH 2 PO 4 ) [ 19 ].…”