Influence of multimode-pump propagation on the gain characteristics of erbium–ytterbium doped waveguide amplifier

Erbium and Ytterbium Codoped Titanoniobophosphate Glasses for Ion‐Exchange‐Based Planar Waveguides

“…Sodium containing phosphate glasses suitable for ion‐exchange processes are getting a lot of interest for the preparation of optical planar and channel waveguides. In this context, rare‐earth‐doped waveguides have been prepared by the Ag + ↔Na + thermal assisted ion exchange method using Er 3+ and Yb 3+ co‐doped phosphate glass, attracting great attention in the field of optoelectronic devices 6–14 . The preparation of waveguides by the thermally assisted Ag + ↔Na + ion‐exchange method is a well‐established process because the cations have a similar radius (Na + =98 pm and Ag + =113 pm) 15 and because the Na + ions also exchange well with Ag + ions for waveguide preparation 7 .…”

“…In this context, rareearth-doped waveguides have been prepared by the Ag 1 2Na 1 thermal assisted ion exchange method using Er 31 and Yb 31 co-doped phosphate glass, attracting great attention in the field of optoelectronic devices. [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] The preparation of waveguides by the thermally assisted Ag 1 2Na 1 ion-exchange method is a well-established process because the cations have a similar radius (Na 1 5 98 pm and Ag 1 5 113 pm) 15 and because the Na 1 ions also exchange well with Ag 1 ions for waveguide preparation. 7 Moreover, Ag 1 ions present incomplete (nÀ1)d shells being more polarizable than Na 1 ions.…”

Ion-exchange in Glasses and Crystals: from Theory to Applications

“…In this region, the silver ions are reduced in metallic form through the acquisition of an electron coming from the metallic film. The formation of silver nanoparticles is also promoted by the continuous flow of silver ions coming from the deeper regions of the glass towards the interface with the aluminium thin film [159]. Figure 8 describes the mechanism mentioned above (Figure 8a), reporting a scanning electron microscope (SEM) cross-section image of the silver nanoparticles distribution under the sample surface (Figure 8b).…”

“…Not to be forgotten are the commercial borosilicate glasses (e.g., Schott BK7 or Corning 0211 glasses) which, with their higher purity, are the most common substrates for the realisation of integrated optical devices by ion-exchange process. Although the almost total absence of impurities does not make them suitable for the formation of metal nanoparticles by chemical reduction processes, recent studies have shown the possibility of obtaining efficient SERS substrates also by using these highly pure glasses [159].…”

“…The possibility of realizing SERS active metal nanostructures on high quality, free from impurities, commercial glasses (such as, Corning 0211 borosilicate glass) by means of ion-exchange process can be favoured by applying on the sample surface a metal thin film working as a mask or electrode. In both cases, the presence of the film plays the role of reducing element for the silver ions introduced into the glass following the ion-exchange, as well investigated in the works of Y. Chen and co-workers [103,104,159].…”