Influence of Multiple Factors on Underwater Semi-Active Sound Absorption of 2-1-3 Piezoelectric Composite and Root Cause Analysis

Two orientation effects and large anisotropy of parameters in piezo-active 2–1–2 composites based on [0 1 1]-poled crystals

“…Reinforcing a 1-3 composite with hollow fibres [16] or with porous ceramic rods [17] is of importance to improve the parameters of the composite for piezoelectric transducer and energy-harvesting applications. A three-component 2-1-3 composite [21] is a result of a modification of the widespread 1-3 composite structure to achieve large parameters for hydroacoustic applications. The aforementioned composites from [15][16][17][18][19][20][21] are based on ferroelectric ceramics with piezoelectric properties that can strongly influence the composite's performance.…”

“…A three-component 2-1-3 composite [21] is a result of a modification of the widespread 1-3 composite structure to achieve large parameters for hydroacoustic applications. The aforementioned composites from [15][16][17][18][19][20][21] are based on ferroelectric ceramics with piezoelectric properties that can strongly influence the composite's performance.…”

“…As distinct from the piezo-active composites studied in [15][16][17][18][19][20][21], a 2-2 composite based on a domain-engineered SC poled along a specific crystallographic direction [22] is an active element of a thickness-mode driving hydrophone, and the performance of this SC-based composite was studied within the framework of theoretical and numerical methods. An important result of [2] is that the 2-2 SC/polymer composite provides a higher sensitivity and wider bandwidth in the case of the SC component poled along the [0 1 1] direction.…”