Influence of nanofibrillated cellulose on the mechanical and thermal properties of poly(lactic acid)

Perić, Matea; Putz, Robert; Paulik, Christian

doi:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.03.014

Cited by 33 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…In contrast, a clear cold crystallization peak for PLA reinforced with 4-6 wt.% CNF was seen to indicate some incomplete crystallization process during cooling. This finding is in agreement with the previous studies related to the CNF nucleation effect on the thermal properties of PLA and PLA reinforced with natural fiber [31][32][33][34][35].…”

Section: Non-isothermal Crystallization Kineticssupporting

confidence: 94%

Functionality of Cellulose Nanofiber as Bio-Based Nucleating Agent and Nano-Reinforcement Material to Enhance Crystallization and Mechanical Properties of Polylactic Acid Nanocomposite

et al. 2021

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Polylactic acid (PLA), a potential alternative material for single use plastics, generally portrays a slow crystallization rate during melt-processing. The use of a nanomaterial such as cellulose nanofibers (CNF) may affect the crystallization rate by acting as a nucleating agent. CNF at a certain wt.% has been evidenced as a good reinforcement material for PLA; nevertheless, there is a lack of information on the correlation between the amount of CNF in PLA that promotes its functionality as reinforcement material, and its effect on PLA nucleation for improving the crystallization rate. This work investigated the nucleation effect of PLA incorporated with CNF at different fiber loading (1–6 wt.%) through an isothermal and non-isothermal crystallization kinetics study using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis. Mechanical properties of the PLA/CNF nanocomposites were also investigated. PLA/CNF3 exhibited the highest crystallization onset temperature and enthalpy among all the PLA/CNF nanocomposites. PLA/CNF3 also had the highest crystallinity of 44.2% with an almost 95% increment compared to neat PLA. The highest crystallization rate of 0.716 min–1 was achieved when PLA/CNF3 was isothermally melt crystallized at 100 °C. The crystallization rate was 65-fold higher as compared to the neat PLA (0.011 min–1). At CNF content higher than 3 wt.%, the crystallization rate decreased, suggesting the occurrence of agglomeration at higher CNF loading as evidenced by the FESEM micrographs. In contrast to the tensile properties, the highest tensile strength and Young’s modulus were recorded by PLA/CNF4 at 76.1 MPa and 3.3 GPa, respectively. These values were, however, not much different compared to PLA/CNF3 (74.1 MPa and 3.3 GPa), suggesting that CNF at 3 wt.% can be used to improve both the crystallization rate and the mechanical properties. Results obtained from this study revealed the dual function of CNF in PLA nanocomposite, namely as nucleating agent and reinforcement material. Being an organic and biodegradable material, CNF has an increased advantage for use in PLA as compared to non-biodegradable material and is foreseen to enhance the potential use of PLA in single use plastics applications.

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Section: Non-isothermal Crystallization Kineticssupporting

confidence: 94%

Functionality of Cellulose Nanofiber as Bio-Based Nucleating Agent and Nano-Reinforcement Material to Enhance Crystallization and Mechanical Properties of Polylactic Acid Nanocomposite

et al. 2021

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“…Calculated from DSC thermograms ( Figure S3 ), the X c of PLA/m-CNF composite films is obtained and reported in Table 5 . X c of PLA/m-CNF composite films was lower compared to neat PLA (39.6%) due to the formation of aggregates, which decreased the number of nucleating sites [ 33 ]. PLA/m-CNF composite films showed that no significant variation was observed regardless of the m-CNFs’ substituent groups, which vary from 30.7% to 33.1%.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Acid-Anhydride-Modified Cellulose Nanofiber on Poly(Lactic Acid) Composite Films

et al. 2021

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In this study, we investigated the effect of the addition of cellulose nanofiber (CNF) fillers on the performance of poly(lactic acid) (PLA). Modification of the hydroxyl group of cellulose to the acyl group by acid anhydrides changed the compatibility of the CNF with PLA. CNF was modified by acetic anhydride, propionic anhydride, and butyric anhydride to form surface-modified acetylated CNF (CNFa), propionylated CNF (CNFp), and butyrylated CNF (CNFb), respectively, to improve the compatibility with the PLA matrix. The effects of the different acid anhydrides were compared based on their rates of reaction in the acylation process. PLA with modified cellulose nanofiber fillers formed smoother surfaces with better transparency, mechanical, and wettability properties compared with the PLA/CNF composite film. The effects of CNFa, CNFp, and CNFb on the PLA matrix were compared, and it was found that CNFp was the best filler for PLA.

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“…One such theory involves effects of the reinforcements on the degree of crystallinity of the matrix material when it cools from a melt. Various studies have reported evidence for increased crystallinity in the presence of nano-sized cellulose-based reinforcements (Mokhena and Luyt 2014;Boran et al 2016;Sun 2018;Pereira et al 2019;Peric et al 2019;Wang et al 2019a). Such effects would be expected to be related to the surface area of the reinforcements, which is much higher in the case of nanomaterials.…”

Section: Positive Aspects Of Using Cellulose-based Nanoparticlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

From nanocellulose to wood particles: A review of particle size vs. the properties of plastic composites reinforced with cellulose-based entities

Hubbe¹,

Grigsby²

2020

BioRes

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This review article considers published evidence regarding effects of particle size on mechanical properties of plastic matrix materials filled with cellulose-based reinforcements. Cellulosic or wood-based reinforcements in plastic matrices can contribute to higher modulus, lower density, and less tendency to sag in comparison with the matrix phase by itself, while still allowing the resulting material to be cut or milled. Although cellulosic materials are generally too hydrophilic to adhere well to common thermoplastic materials such as polyethylene, such deficiencies can be overcome by use of compatibilizers, e.g. polyethylene-maleic anhydride. Recently many researchers have evaluated nanocellulose in plastic composites. The higher surface areas of nanocellulose generally imply a higher cost of compatibilizer to achieve good interfacial adhesion. This review first examines results of a large number of studies all involving highdensity polyethylene as the matrix. Then, to get a more detailed mechanistic view, studies are considered that compare different particle sizes of cellulose-based reinforcements within the same conditions of preparation of composites prepared with various matrix polymers. To summarize the findings, there does not appear to be any consistent and dependable advantage of using nano-sized cellulosic reinforcements when trying to achieve higher values of composite strength or modulus.

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Influence of nanofibrillated cellulose on the mechanical and thermal properties of poly(lactic acid)

Cited by 33 publications

References 27 publications

Functionality of Cellulose Nanofiber as Bio-Based Nucleating Agent and Nano-Reinforcement Material to Enhance Crystallization and Mechanical Properties of Polylactic Acid Nanocomposite

Functionality of Cellulose Nanofiber as Bio-Based Nucleating Agent and Nano-Reinforcement Material to Enhance Crystallization and Mechanical Properties of Polylactic Acid Nanocomposite

Effects of Acid-Anhydride-Modified Cellulose Nanofiber on Poly(Lactic Acid) Composite Films

From nanocellulose to wood particles: A review of particle size vs. the properties of plastic composites reinforced with cellulose-based entities

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