“…The chemical composition, hydrophilicity, morphology, and surface roughness in this case are key factors for the active interaction of the implant with bone tissue and subsequent osseointegration [9,10]. Surface modification methods such as plasma spraying [11][12][13][14][15], alkali treatment [16][17][18][19][20], acid etching [21][22][23][24], laser treatment [25][26][27][28], and anodizing [29][30][31] are used, as well as the increasingly widely used plasma-electrolytic method of microarc oxidation (MAO) [32][33][34][35][36]. MAO is commonly used to produce useful coatings with various oxide layers on the surface of various metals, such as Ti, Al, Mg and Zr and their alloys, to improve corrosion resistance, tribological properties, biocompatibility and thermal properties [37][38][39][40][41][42][43].…”