Influence of Nitrite on Formation of Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines in Electronic Cigarette Liquids and Aerosols

Jin, Xiaohong; Wagner, Karl A.; Melvin, Matt S.; Smith, Donna C.; Pithawalla, Yezdi B.; Gardner, William; Avery, Karen C.; Karles, G.

doi:10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00417

Cited by 12 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Combining these results with the literature search findings, 34 of the 93 HPHCs were at or above LOQs in ENDS aerosols (Table ). The sources of these 34 quantifiable HPHCs fit into one of three categories: Impurities transferred from e-liquids (alkaloids − ). Thermo-degradation products from e-liquid ingredients (CO, ,, propylene oxide , ). Impurities from multiple possible sources, such as forming from pyrolysis, transferring from e-liquid, leaching from components, or contamination (amides, ,,, aromatic amines, ,, caffeic acid, , most carbonyls, ,, most metals, , n-nitrosodimethylamine [NDMA], ,, TSNAs , BAP, ,, all phenols, ,,, benzene, ,, styrene, ,, toluene ,, ). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents in E-Liquids and Aerosols from Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS)

Reilly,

Cheng,

Feng

et al. 2024

Chem. Res. Toxicol.

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In 2012, the U.S. Food & Drug Administration (FDA) published an established list of 93 harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) targeting four tobacco product types (cigarettes, cigarette tobacco, roll-your-own tobacco, smokeless tobacco). In 2016, the FDA finalized the deeming rule to regulate electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS). However, knowledge gaps exist regarding whether certain HPHCs are present in ENDS e-liquids and aerosols. We identified and addressed these gaps by conducting literature searches and then experimentally quantifying HPHCs in the e-liquid and aerosol of 37 ENDS brands based on gaps in the literature. The literature searches identified 66 e-liquid HPHCs and 68 aerosol HPHCs that have limited to no information regarding the quantifiability of these constituents. A contracted ISO 17025 accredited laboratory performed the HPHC quantifications. The availability of validated analytical methods in the contracted laboratory determined the HPHCs included in the study scope (63/66 for e-liquids, 64/68 for aerosols). Combining the results from the quantifications and literature searches, 36 (39%) and 34 (37%) HPHCs were found quantifiable (≥limit of quantification [LOQ]) in ENDS e-liquids and aerosols, respectively, with 25 HPHCs being quantifiable in both matrices. Quantifiability results imply potential HPHC transfers between matrices, leaching from components, or formations from aerosol generation. The study results can inform the scientific basis for manufacturers and regulators regarding regulatory requirements for HPHC reporting. The HPHC quantities can also inform evaluations of the public health impact of ENDS and public communications regarding ENDS health risks.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents in E-Liquids and Aerosols from Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS)

Reilly,

Cheng,

Feng

et al. 2024

Chem. Res. Toxicol.

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“…The most carcinogenic TSNA variants are nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketone and N-nitrosonornicotine ( 86 ). It has been reported that the detection of TSNAs in ENDS in the form of E-liquids and aerosols and elevated temperature accelerated a process whereby the levels of TSNA in e-liquids increased over time, particularly in the presence of nitrite and nicotine ( 87 ). Meanwhile, Farsalinos et al ( 88 ) showed that the TSNA content in ENDS aerosol was correlated with the content in E-liquid.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The risk profile of electronic nicotine delivery systems, compared to traditional cigarettes, on oral disease: a review

Zhang

Cui

2023

Front. Public Health

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The use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) has exploded, especially among teenagers and new smokers, amid widespread awareness of the dangers of traditional tobacco and restrictions on smoking. However, the risk effects of ENDS on physical health, especially oral health, are still ambiguous. The purpose of this study was to review the available evidence on risks of ENDS on oral health, and compares the differences between ENDS and traditional cigarettes. For heavy smokers, transferring the addiction of tobacco to ENDS can be less harmful to periodontal condition and physical health but is not completely without risk. The components of ENDS vapor have cytotoxic, genotoxic, and carcinogenic properties, and its usage may be associated with a wide range of oral health sequelae. The chemicals in ENDS increase the susceptibility to tooth decay, increase the risk of periodontal disease, peri-implant, and oral mucosal lesions. Nicotine aerosols from ENDS can be a potential risk factor for oral cancer due to the presence of carcinogenic components. Compared to smoking traditional cigarettes, the harm associated with ENDS use may be underestimated due to the reduced ability to control vaping behavior, ease of ENDS access, fewer vaping area restrictions, and better taste. Currently, the available evidence suggests that ENDS may be a safer alternative to traditional tobacco products. Though most oral symptoms experienced by ENDS users are relatively mild and temporary compared to traditional cigarettes, the dangers of ENDS still exist. However, further research with longer follow-up periods is required to establish the long-term safety of ENDS.

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“…5), which have been previously linked to the degradation of TSNAs [4,16,35,36]. In ue-cured tobacco, the glycolysis pathway produces ATP and energy to synthesize NADPH and the equivalent for the degradation of the precursors of N-nitrosamides [35,37], which results in a lower content of nitrosamines and consequently the reduced biosynthesis of TSNAs. In addition, carbon metabolism is highly correlated with nitrogen metabolism in plants [38,39].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combined Transcriptomics and Proteomics Analysis to Reveal the Mechanism underlying the Degradation of TSNAs by Bacillus pumilus 05–5402

Zou,

Lu,

Lei

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines (TSNAs) present in tobacco and tobacco products cause serious diseases and, therefore, effective measures to reduce the levels of TSNAs in tobacco are necessary for tobacco harm reduction. Various bacteria have demonstrated the ability to degrade TSNAs, although their degradation efficiency is often affected by fermentation conditions. Therefore, optimizing the fermentation process is essential to improve the efficiency of the microbial degradation of TSNAs. However, the mechanisms involved in the microbial degradation of TSNAs remain unknown to date. In this context, the present study involved utilizing a combined transcriptomics and proteomics analysis to reveal the mechanism underlying the degradation of TSNAs by Bacillus pumilus strain 05–5402. The TSNAs in flue-cured tobacco were degraded, and the fermentation process was optimized to determine the best conditions for the functioning of strain 05–5402. A TSNA degradation rate of 31.99% was reached at 28°C and a water content of 100%. The combined transcriptomics and proteomics analysis revealed the involvement of diverse mechanisms in the degradation of TSNAs by strain 05–5402, among which amino acid biosynthesis, carbon metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, starch and sucrose metabolism, and metabolism of multiple amino acids were the most prominent ones. These findings would serve as a reference for the degradation of TSNAs using Bacillus fermentation at the industrial scale.

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Influence of Nitrite on Formation of Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines in Electronic Cigarette Liquids and Aerosols

Cited by 12 publications

References 28 publications

Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents in E-Liquids and Aerosols from Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS)

Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents in E-Liquids and Aerosols from Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS)

The risk profile of electronic nicotine delivery systems, compared to traditional cigarettes, on oral disease: a review

Combined Transcriptomics and Proteomics Analysis to Reveal the Mechanism underlying the Degradation of TSNAs by Bacillus pumilus 05–5402

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