“…Membrane technology is highlighted as a dominating separation technology ascribed to its high separation efficiency, versatility, cost-effectiveness, energy conservation, eco-friendliness, and safety [ 1 , 2 ]. It includes many different and distinctive separation processes, such as ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF), forward osmosis (FO), reverse osmosis (RO), gas separation, pervaporation (PV), and ion exchange, providing a more holistic solution and making provision for substance purification, water treatments, as well as zero-carbon energy reconstruction [ 3 , 4 , 5 ]. However, there are still limitations that significantly impede the effectiveness of membranes in meeting the increasing separation standards and energy efficiency requirements.…”