Influence of organic Nitrogen Compounds on Nitrifications in Soil

Quastel, J. H.; Scholefield, P. G.

doi:10.1038/1641068a0

Cited by 67 publications

(44 citation statements)

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“…On the basis of these results it is possible to agree with the suggestion of Quastel & Scholefield (1949) that ' the process of nitrification may not be wholly accomplished by the autotrophic organisms '. Since hydroxylamine can definitely be formed by denitrification and other processes of nitrate and nitrite reduction, the occasional presence of oximes under natural conditions is quite likely.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

“…Novak & Wilson (1948) found that oxime-N was not available to Axotobacter, though acetaldoxime, according to Stapp & Ruschmann (1924), is toxic to this organism. Lees & Quastel (1946) showed that pyruvic acid oxime, but not hydroxylamine, is readily nitrified in soil, and Quastel & Scholefield (1949) adduced evidence that its conversion to nitrite is due to a previously unknown type of nitrifying bacterium, probably heterotrophic; isolation of such organisms was reported but no further details given. Jensen (1950) found that pure cultures of Nitrosomonas were unable to nitrify pyruvic acid oxime ; a search for oxime-decomposing organisms has therefore been made,…”

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confidence: 99%

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Nitrification of Oxime Compounds by Heterotrophic Bacteria

Jensen¹

1951

Journal of General Microbiology

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SUMMARY: Production of nitrite from the oxime of pyruvic acid was observed with three groups of heterotrophic soil bacteria : Nocardia corallina, Alcaligenes spp. and Agrobacterium spp. The first could nitrify up to 64 % of the oxime-nitrogen in an inorganic salts solution, the second and third up to 43 and 36 yo, respectively.Glucose inhibited nitrification by stimulating the synthesis of cell substance ; nitrification by Nocardia corallina ceased at C:N ratios above 20 : 1. Approximately 75-90 yo of the oxime-nitrogen was recovered as nitrite + cell-nitrogen in cultures of Nocardiaand Alcaligenes spp. In peptone medium Nocardia corallina converted the oxime almost quantitatively to nitrite ; the rate of nitrite production was parallel with that of cell multiplication. Alcaligenes and Agrobacterium spp. caused a further removal of the nitrite in peptone medium, the latter organism by denitrification. The oxime of oxaloacetic acid was readily nitrified by Alcaligenes spp. Acetoxime was only nitrified to a slight extent and free hydroxylamine apparently not at all. Several other organisms, of which Corynebacterium equi was a possible exception, did not nitrify pyruvic acid oxime.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

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confidence: 99%

Nitrification of Oxime Compounds by Heterotrophic Bacteria

Jensen¹

1951

Journal of General Microbiology

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“…This method compared the slope of the regression with the ratio of C:N in the amino acid of interest (2:1 in the case of glycine), with 100% uptake occurring when the C:N ratio of the amino acid was equal to the slope of the regression line (Näsholm et al 1998). All of our tree species had slopes of less than 2, suggesting that some amount of C was lost either prior to uptake via mineralization or nitrification (Quastel and Scholefield 1949) or after uptake by the metabolism of glycine, which results in the loss of C to CO 2 (Näsholm et al 1998). Because our experimental design sought to limit microbial influences, we assume that most C was lost by plant respiration.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Amino acid uptake by temperate tree species characteristic of low- and high-fertility habitats

Scott

Rothstein

2011

Oecologia

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The relationship between inorganic nitrogen (N) cycling and plant productivity is well established. However, recent research has demonstrated the ability of plants to take up low molecular weight organic N compounds (i.e., amino acids) at rates that often rival those of inorganic N forms. In this study, we hypothesize that temperate forest tree species characteristic of low-fertility habitats will prefer amino acids over species characteristic of high-fertility habitats. We measured the uptake of (15)N-labeled amino acids (glycine, glutamine, arginine, serine), ammonium (NH(4)(+)), and nitrate (NO(3)(-)) by four tree species that commonly occur in eastern North America, where their abundances have been correlated with inorganic N availability. Specific uptake rates of amino acids were largely similar for all tree species; however, high-fertility species took up NH(4)(+) at rates more than double those of low-fertility species, rendering amino acid N relatively more important to the N nutrition of low-fertility species. Low-fertility species acquired over four times more total N from arginine compared to NH(4)(+) and NO(3)(-); high-fertility species acquired the most N from NH(4)(+). Arginine had the highest uptake rates of any amino acid by all species; there were no significant differences in uptake rates of the remaining amino acids. Our results support the idea that the dominant species in a particular habitat are those best able to utilize the most available N resources.

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“…Renewed interest in nitrification by heterotrophic micro-organisms is justified by a number of reports. Study of the transformations of pyruvic acid oxime in soil led Quastel & Scholefield (1949) to conclude that heterotrophic forms, rather than autotrophic nitrifying bacteria, oxidized the oxime to nitrite. Several bacteria, identified as belonging to two species of Achromobacter and one species of Corynebacterium, were reported later to be responsible for this transformation (Quastel, Scholefield & Stevenson, 1950, 1952 A new species of actinomycete, Streptomyces nitriJcans, was described for its ability to oxidize ethylurethane to nitrite Isenberg et al 1954).…”

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A Survey of Heterotrophic Micro-Organisms from Soil for Ability to Form Nitrite and Nitrate

Eylar

Schmidt

1959

Journal of General Microbiology

118

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SUMMARY: A total of 978 cultures of heterotrophic organisms were isolated from twelve actively nitrifying soils ; each isolate was tested for ability to form nitrite or nitrate in glucose peptone broth. None of the isolates yielded substantial amounts of nitrite ; concentrations found did not exceed 2 pg. nitrite-N/ml. Almost 7 yo of the isolates formed nitrite-N in excess of 0.2 pg./ml., while slightly over 2 yo yielded more than 0.5pg./ml. Fungus isolates were the most numerous and most active nitrite producers ; fifteen of the fungi formed nitrate in addition to nitrite. Concentrations of 5-45 pg. nitrate-N/ml. were recorded for the active fungi. Further isolations of fungi from ten soils of diverse properties resulted in 353 cultures but only three of these formed nitrate. One of these cultures yielded 9Opg. nitrate-N/ml. after 14 days growth in the test medium.Most of the fungi which produced nitrate (16 of the 18 active cultures) were identified as Aspergillus jlavus. A Penicillium sp., and a Cephalosporium sp. also formed low concentrations of nitrate. Each isolate of A . flavus obtained from soil proved capable of nitrate formation. Strains of A . flavus were encountered which did not yield nitrate, but these had been obtained from culture collections, and had been carried on artificial media for many years. Some stock cultures of A . jlavus, several cultures of A . jlavus and one of A . glaucus, freshly isolated from wheat seed, also were active nitrate producers. Ammonium sulphate and urea media supported growth of soil fungus isolates but not nitrate formation. Other organic nitrogen substrates in order of increasing effectiveness in nitrate production were : yeast extract, peptone, Protone and casein.

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Influence of organic Nitrogen Compounds on Nitrifications in Soil

Cited by 67 publications

References 3 publications

Nitrification of Oxime Compounds by Heterotrophic Bacteria

Nitrification of Oxime Compounds by Heterotrophic Bacteria

Amino acid uptake by temperate tree species characteristic of low- and high-fertility habitats

A Survey of Heterotrophic Micro-Organisms from Soil for Ability to Form Nitrite and Nitrate

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