Influence of out‐of‐plane fiber orientation on reaction‐to‐fire properties of carbon fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites

Eibl, Sebastian; Swanson, D

doi:10.1002/fam.2484

Cited by 15 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…The orientation of cracks parallel to the fibres is predominantly explained by the anisotropic thermal expansion of the material. The thermal expansion coefficient of Hexply Õ 8552/IM7 perpendicular to the fibre is 39 mm/(mÁK), 25 close to the value of the pure resin: 50 mm/(mÁK). 26 Parallel to the fibre, it is À0.5 mm/(mÁK), due to the thermal contraction of the fibre and its adhesion to the matrix.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 56%

Damage initiation of thermally degraded carbon composites in tension

Wolfrum¹,

Quan²,

Maier³

et al. 2018

Journal of Composite Materials

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This study focuses on exploring the initial failure of thermally degraded carbon fibre-reinforced polymers. It is the aim of this study to provide deep insight into the damage development and propagation as well as to understand failure mechanisms of thermally degraded composites. Carbon fibre-reinforced polymer panels with different fibre orientations are exposed to heat above maximum operational temperature (up to 200 ℃) for various durations (up to ca. 200 days). Thermal degradation of the material is characterized by scanning electron microscopy and infrared spectroscopy. The onset of the failure in tension is determined by acoustic emission analysis. The results show that the development and propagation of cracks depend on the level of thermal degradation and the fibre orientation relative to the applied load. With increasing thermal degradation, transverse matrix cracking, as the prevailing initiating failure mode, is replaced by crack initiation and propagation in the damaged outermost ply independent of its fibre orientation. Severe thermal matrix degradation is limited to this area, as characterized by infrared spectroscopy. With increasing thermal degradation of the polymer matrix, the onset of crack initiation and propagation is shifted to lower strains. The effects of damage initiation on fracture behaviour are discussed.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 56%

Damage initiation of thermally degraded carbon composites in tension

Wolfrum¹,

Quan²,

Maier³

et al. 2018

Journal of Composite Materials

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“…When fibres make such an angle, the in-depth thermal conductivity can be increased up to 10 times its value. 39 An increase in thermal conductivity is to some level favourable as it leads to equal distribution of the heat over the sample. However, when thermal conductivity is too high, fire will travel very fast all over the sample causing a higher PHRR and higher MLR.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of fibre length and matrix modification on the fire performance of thermoplastic composites: The behaviour of PP as an example of non-charring matrix

Ghazzawi

Osorio

Martin

et al. 2020

Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials

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The fire performance of fibre-reinforced polypropylene (PP) was investigated with respect to fibre length and modification of the matrix. Fibre lengths of 3 mm, 12 mm, and continuous fibres were used as reinforcements. E-glass continuous fabrics were melt impregnated with PP and consolidated via compression moulding. E-glass fibre-reinforced PP pellets of 3 and 12 mm were compression moulded. Cone calorimetry tests with incident radiant fluxes of 20, 30 and 35 kW m−2 were used to investigate the fire properties of PP glass fibre composites. Results showed that continuous glass fibre reinforced PP exhibits the best fire performance at 20 kW m−2, while 3-mm fibre has the best performance at 35 kW m−2; 12-mm fibre-reinforced PP exhibitedthe lowest performance in comparison with 3-mm and continuous glass fibre reinforcement. Melic-anhydride (MA)-modified PP was found to increase the heat release rate (HRR) by up to 44% and time to ignition by up to 10% depending on the heat flux applied in comparison with unmodified PP. The glass fibre-reinforced composite made with MA-modified PP has 5–12% lower mean HRR and similar time to ignition in comparison with glass fibre composite made by unmodified PP. This suggests improved fibre adhesion plays a role of the fire performance of glass fibre-reinforced PP.

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“…In the upright position of the panels, the barrier effects of the carbon fiber for combustion are less pronounced. Matrix degradation and combustion are favored parallel to the fibers (wick effect) [37], and access of air is less hindered. thick M18-1/G939 sample reaches a mass loss of 17.5% for the application of 50 g of fire accelerant.…”

Section: Influence Of Horizontal and Vertical Alignment Of The Panelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Damage by Improvised Incendiary Devices on Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites

Eibl¹

2021

J. Compos. Sci.

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This study focuses on short-term thermal degradation of polymer matrix composites by one-sided impact of improvised incendiary devices (IID). Specimens of two commercial composites HexPly® 8552/IM7 and M18-1/G939 with various thicknesses (1–8 mm) are systematically investigated as well as sandwich structures thereof, applying various amounts of fire accelerant predominantly in laboratory scale fire tests. Results of preceding large-scale fire tests with IIDs justify the chosen conditions for the laboratory-scale fire tests. The aim is to correlate the amount of fire accelerant with heat damage and residual mechanical strength. Thermal damage is characterized visually and by ultrasonic testing, infrared spectroscopy, and residual interlaminar shear strength. Matrix degradation and combustion only contribute to the overall amount of released heat by the fire accelerant for thin and especially vertically aligned panels as tested by a cone calorimeter (without electrical heating), but not for horizontally orientated and thicker panels. Degradation processes are discussed in detail. Protective effects are observed for typical coatings, a copper mesh applied for protection against lightning strike, combinations thereof as well as an intumescent coating. Especially sandwich structures are prone to severe damage by assaults with IID, such as Molotov cocktails.

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Influence of out‐of‐plane fiber orientation on reaction‐to‐fire properties of carbon fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites

Cited by 15 publications

References 34 publications

Damage initiation of thermally degraded carbon composites in tension

Damage initiation of thermally degraded carbon composites in tension

The effect of fibre length and matrix modification on the fire performance of thermoplastic composites: The behaviour of PP as an example of non-charring matrix

Damage by Improvised Incendiary Devices on Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites

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