The
misfolding and aggregation of human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP)
and amyloid-β (Aβ) protein are closely associated with
type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and Alzheimer’s disease, respectively.
Inhibitors of amyloid peptides include short peptides, aromatic organic
molecules, nanoparticles, and even metal compounds. Sesquiterpenoid
artemisinins are widely used in anti-malaria treatments, and they
may modulate glucose homeostasis against diabetes. However, the antidiabetic
mechanism of these compounds remains unclear. In this work, four compounds,
namely, artemisinin (1), dihydroartemisinin (2), artesunate (3), and artemether (4),
were exploited to inhibit the assembly behavior of hIAPP and compared
with that of Aβ. Although structurally distinct from other aromatic
inhibitors of amyloid peptides, these sesquiterpenoids effectively
altered the two peptides’ fibril morphologies and disaggregated
the mature fibrils mostly to the monomers. The interaction of artemisinins
with the two peptides demonstrated a spontaneous, exothermic, and
entropy-driven binding process predominantly through hydrophobic and
hydrogen bonding interactions. Moreover, they reversed cytotoxicity
and membrane leakage by reducing peptides’ oligomerization.
The results suggested that these compounds had better inhibition and
disaggregation capability against hIAPP than against Aβ. Furthermore,
the effects of these compounds’ structural modification on
the amyloid fibril formation of the two peptides were observed. The
molecular screening offered a new perspective for artemisinins as
promising inhibitors against amyloidosis related diseases.