“…Consistent with literature on the influence of IPV in the family of origin, the mothers’ use of VA toward the participant was influenced by her use of the tactic toward the fathers and vice versa (Halford et al, 2000; Oramas et al, 2015; Skuja & Halford, 2004). Children, therefore, are merely victims of their parents’ acceptance of VA. Research has indicated that VA is reciprocal in nature with mothers and fathers both contributing to the cycle of VA (Atkin et al, 2002; Infante, Sabourin, Rudd, & Shannon, 1990; Oramas et al, 2015). It has also been proposed that possible explanation is that the parents may generally be verbally aggressive, both within and outside of the familial setting.…”