Influence of Park Size and Its Surrounding Urban Landscape Patterns on the Park Cooling Effect

Cheng, Xiaoyun; Wei, Bensheng; Chen, Guojian; Li, Junxiang; Song, Conghe

doi:10.1061/(asce)up.1943-5444.0000256

Cited by 138 publications

(101 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Studies have suggested that land cover composition and configuration of the green space are strong predictors of its cooling effect (Cao, Onishi, Chen, & Imura, 2010;Li et al, 2013;Lin, Yu, Chang, Wu, & Zhang, 2015;Maimaitiyiming et al, 2014;Ren et al, 2013Ren et al, 2013. Furthermore, local context and adjacent green space also have impacts on cooling (Cheng, Wei, Chen, Li, & Song, 2014;Lin et al, 2015;Spronken-Smith & Oke, 1998. Explicit linkages between cooling effects and the locations of green spaces are missing, however, causing difficulties for location model construction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimizing green space locations to reduce daytime and nighttime urban heat island effects in Phoenix, Arizona

Zhang

Murray

Turner

2017

Landscape and Urban Planning

263

102

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimizing green space locations to reduce daytime and nighttime urban heat island effects in Phoenix, Arizona

Zhang

Murray

Turner

2017

Landscape and Urban Planning

263

102

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“…Most cities are not designed to ameliorate the effects of warming, although it is well known that this is possible through evidence-based climate-responsive design of urban spaces (Brown, Vanos, Kenny, & Lenzholzer, 2015;Erell, Pearlmutter, & Williamson, 2012;Masson et al, 2014;Middel, Chhetri, & Quay, 2015). Properly designed playgrounds contribute to microscale cooling, serving as heat refuges through the summer season (Cheng, Wei, Chen, Li, & Song, 2014;Chow, Pope, Martin, & Brazel, 2011;Vanos, Warland, Gillespie, Slater, et al, 2012), as well as comfortable and safe places for children to play and engage in activities for improved health and well-being (Ciucci et al, 2013;Moore & Cosco, 2014;Vanos, 2015;Wolch et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hot playgrounds and children's health: A multiscale analysis of surface temperatures in Arizona, USA

Vanos

Middel

McKercher

et al. 2016

Landscape and Urban Planning

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h i g h l i g h t s• A mismatch exists between remotely sensed and in situ urban surface temperatures (T s ).• The hottest T s in a Phoenix area neighborhood were found on playground surfaces.• Children are more vulnerable to the effects of heat stress and high T s than adults.• Shade of any type is found effective in reducing T s and improving thermal safety.• Data must be collected at the touch-scale for spatially accurate high T s mitigation. a r t i c l e i n f o b s t r a c tObjectives: To provide novel quantification and advanced measurements of surface temperatures (T s ) in playgrounds, employing multiple scales of data, and provide insight into hot-hazard mitigation techniques and designs for improved environmental and public health. Methods: We conduct an analysis of T s in two Metro-Phoenix playgrounds at three scales: neighborhood (1 km resolution), microscale (6.8 m resolution), and touch-scale (1 cm resolution). Data were derived from two sources: airborne remote sensing (neighborhood and microscale) and in situ (playground site) infrared T s (touch-scale). Metrics of surface-to-air temperature deltas ( T s-a ) and scale offsets (errors) are introduced. Results: Select in situ T s in direct sunlight are shown to approach or surpass values likely to result in burns to children at touch-scales much finer than T s resolved by airborne remote sensing. Scale offsets based on neighbourhood and microscale ground observations are 3.8 • C and 7.3 • C less than the T s-a at the 1 cm touch-scale, respectively, and 6.6 • C and 10.1 • C lower than touch-scale playground equipment T s , respectively. Hence, the coarser scales underestimate high T s within playgrounds. Both natural (tree) and artificial (shade sail) shade types are associated with significant reductions in T s . Conclusions: A scale mismatch exists based on differing methods of urban T s measurement. The sub-meter touch-scale is the spatial scale at which data must be collected and policies of urban landscape design and health must be executed in order to mitigate high T s in high-contact environments such as playgrounds. Shade implementation is the most promising mitigation technique to reduce child burns, increase park usability, and mitigate urban heating.

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“…A key result of these studies is that cooling effects reach into urban surroundings as long as the park's width (Spronken-Smith and Oke 1998). Specifically, the difference between average temperature in the park T Park and temperature away from the park at distance L increases up to the maximal cooling distance L max (Cheng et al 2015, Lin et al 2015, as depicted in figure 2. This observation allows us to model the specific spatial dimension and geometric properties of a city on the UHI effect.…”

Section: Uhi Geometrymentioning

confidence: 98%

“…We make use of the empirical insights discussed in the previous section to design a model of micro-scale UHI as a function of location and distance to green area. With the description from (Lin et al 2015) (visualized in figure 2), we fit a curve to the data from Cheng et al (2015), which provides the maximal temperature difference together with the maximal cooling distance. We find a function F that describes how the temperature increases away from the park.…”

Section: Modelling Uhimentioning

confidence: 99%

Star-shaped cities alleviate trade-off between climate change mitigation and adaptation

Pierer

Creutzig

2019

Environ. Res. Lett.

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To deal with climate change, cities must reduce their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and at the same time mitigate climate impacts associated with the physical infrastructure of the built environment. One strand of literature demonstrates that compact cities of sufficient density result in lower GHG emissions in the transport and the buildings sectors compared to sprawled cities. Another strand of literature, however, reveals that compactness hinders climate adaptation by amplifying the urban heat island (UHI) effect. As a result, mitigation and adaptation objectives of cities appear to contradict each other. Here, we develop a geometrical optimization framework and model of a three-dimensional city that minimizes this conflict. It makes use of the observation that low-carbon efficient transport can be realized via linear public transport axes, and that GHG emissions and UHI effects scale differently with varying geometric properties, thus enabling design that reflects both the economics and the climate of cities. We find that star-shaped cities, in contrast to radially symmetric cities, are well suited to alleviate the problematic trade-off. We also demonstrate that urban design considerations depend on transport fuel prices. The results are of particular importance for city planners of rapidly urbanizing cities in Asia and Africa who still have the potential to shape urban layout.

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Influence of Park Size and Its Surrounding Urban Landscape Patterns on the Park Cooling Effect

Cited by 138 publications

References 54 publications

Optimizing green space locations to reduce daytime and nighttime urban heat island effects in Phoenix, Arizona

Optimizing green space locations to reduce daytime and nighttime urban heat island effects in Phoenix, Arizona

Hot playgrounds and children's health: A multiscale analysis of surface temperatures in Arizona, USA

Star-shaped cities alleviate trade-off between climate change mitigation and adaptation

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