Influence of particle size and matrix in “metal” anodes for Li-ion cells

Crosnier, Olivier; Devaux, Xavier; Brousse, Thierry; Fragnaud, P.; Schleich, D. M.

doi:10.1016/s0378-7753(01)00617-6

Cited by 31 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The theoretical capacity upon the formation of Li 3 Bi is 385 mA Á h g À1 [53,54]. Although this cannot be compared to the high capacities produced upon the formation of Li 4.4 Si or Li 4.4 Sn, it is of interest to examine the electrochemical cycling properties of Bi as it allows some general conclusions to be drawn about particle size.…”

Section: Bi Anodes At the Nanoscalementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although this cannot be compared to the high capacities produced upon the formation of Li 4.4 Si or Li 4.4 Sn, it is of interest to examine the electrochemical cycling properties of Bi as it allows some general conclusions to be drawn about particle size. Bulk Bi, and even microscale Bi particles, have a very low cyclability that is attributed to the large volume expansion of Bi (Bi expands 210% upon maximum Li insertion [54]). Nanoscale Bi particles have therefore been produced, with an average diameter of 300 nm [54].…”

Section: Bi Anodes At the Nanoscalementioning

confidence: 99%

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Nanoscale Engineering for the Mechanical Integrity of Li‐Ion Electrode Materials

Aifantis

Hackney

2008

Nanostructured Materials in Electrochemistry

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Portable power technology plays a key role in the advancement of electronic devices required by modern civilization. Lap-top computers, cellular phones and most portable electronic memory devices require the use of rechargeable batteries. Such batteries have also found use in biomedical devices, including pacemakers and implantable defibrillators. Thus, research focused on the development of rechargeable, high-energy density power sources continues to be driven by technological and commercial applications.Although various types of battery chemistries exist -such as nickel-metal hydride (Ni-MH) and nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd) -lithium (Li) ion batteries are the dominant force as they have significant advantages in energy density. The large volumetric and gravimetric energy densities exhibited by Li-ion batteries allow their volume and mass to be reduced by 20% and 50%, respectively, as compared to other battery chemistries; in fact, a Li battery can provide three times the voltage of a Ni-Cd or Ni-MH battery. Furthermore, the self-discharge rate of Li batteries is very small over a long period of time, which makes them extremely reliable, while their operating voltage allows a reduction in the number of batteries required to operate a device. All of the aforementioned properties contribute to the miniaturization of electronic devices. Finally, it should be mentioned that -unlike other battery base materials (Cd, Ni) -Li is non-toxic and, as opposed to Ni-Cd batteries, Li-batteries have no memory effect. Moreover, the charging capacity (total time integrated battery current per mass) is not reduced by repeatedly charging and discharging to insufficient levels, and therefore partial charging is possible (the discharging process takes place during the operation of the respective electronic device).One major technological barrier to improvements in energy density and reliability of the Li-ion battery systems is related to the stability of the anode and cathode materials. One of the reasons that Li-ion chemistries exhibit high energy densities is because of the relatively high cell voltage. This means that there is a large j319 Nanostructured Materials in Electrochemistry. Edited by Ali Eftekhari

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Section: Bi Anodes At the Nanoscalementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Bi Anodes At the Nanoscalementioning

confidence: 99%

Nanoscale Engineering for the Mechanical Integrity of Li‐Ion Electrode Materials

Aifantis

Hackney

2008

Nanostructured Materials in Electrochemistry

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“…Also, much research has focussed on the development of new systems capable of alloying with lithium, namely: Bi [8], Mg [9], Sb [10], Si [11] and Zn [12]. Lead composite materials, in particular, can undergo reversible Li alloying/de-alloying over the potential range of 0.0 Á/1.5 V [13,14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lead-based systems as suitable anode materials for Li-ion batteries

Martos

Morales

Sánchez

2003

Electrochimica Acta

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Three lead-based materials formed by PbO 2 , PbO and Pb as main phases were prepared by following different synthetic procedures and tested as anodic materials in Li-ion batteries by using potentiostatic and galvanostatic methods. While the reduction of Pb(IV) to Pb(II) takes place in a single step, that of Pb(II) to Pb is a complex process involving several steps. Both reduction reactions are irreversible. Lead, whether electrochemically or chemically formed, undergoes an electrochemical reaction with lithium that over the 1.0 Á/0.0 V potential range yields Li x Pb alloys (0 5/x 5/4.4). The anodic and cathodic potentiostatic curves exhibit various signals that account for: (i) the formation of different intermediates with variable lithium contents; (ii) the reversibility of the alloying/de-alloying processes; (iii) the increase in complexity of such processes as the oxidation state of lead in them decreases. This results in capacity fading with cycling, particularly in the samples having Pb as the main component. One way of avoiding the capacity loss on cycling involves depositing the active material on lead sheets from spraying suspensions. These coatings exhibit a good capacity retention, which can be ascribed to the formation of a Li x Pb layer at the active material/substrate interface that facilitates electron and ion transfer across the electrode. #

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“…[177][178][179][180] It can electrochemically alloy with Li + to form Li 3 Bi with a gravimetric capacity of 385 mA h g −1 (comparable with commercial graphite) and volumetric capacity of 3765 mA h cm −3 , which is more than twice of graphite. Bismuth exhibits the minimum potential hysteresis among all the potential metallic anode materials, enabling the possibility to achieve high energy conversion efficiency.…”

Section: Bismuth Based Anode Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low‐Cost Metallic Anode Materials for High Performance Rechargeable Batteries

Wang

Zhang

Lee

et al. 2017

Advanced Energy Materials

196

107

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density. Therefore, developing highcapacity anode and cathode materials or new battery systems have drawn extensive attentions. [6,[21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] Metal anodes, especially those with high-capacity and low-cost are promising alternative anode materials for LIBs in replace of graphite anode. [29][30][31][32][33][34] Generally, the metal anodes electrochemically alloy/ de-alloy with Li + to complete the battery reaction, which can store more energy than the intercalation/deintercalation mechanism in graphite. Table 1 displays the electrochemical properties of typical metallic anodes (Al, Sn, Zn, Mg, Sb, and Bi) with Li and graphite for comparison. While the graphite anodes suffer from low capacity (372 mA h g −1 ) and Li anodes suffer from severe safety issues caused by lithium dendrites, these metal anodes have many advantages in terms of high theoretical capacities, moderate operation potential for less dendrites formation, high abundance and low cost. [35] For example, aluminum has high theoretical capacity (993 mA h g −1 or 1411 mA h cm −3 for LiAl) with moderate potential plateau (≈0.38 V vs Li + /Li). [35,36] Considering both of the capacity increase and voltage drop by using metal anodes in a LIB model, Obrovac et al. calculated the volumetric energy increase in comparison to graphite based commercial battery (Table 1). [37] In such a model, the volumetric energy densities could be increased by different extents ranging from 10-42% when metal anodes were used. It is worth noticing that some recent studies have raised the idea of directly using metal foil as active anode material and simultaneously current collector. [38,39] This strategy can eliminate the usage of binder and conductive carbon black for anode preparation, simplify the battery processing steps, and also increase the loading amount of active materials, thus further enhancing the energy density and reducing the battery prices.While the metal anodes show good potential for application in high-performance LIBs, the main challenge for these metallic anodes is their large volume change caused by lithiation/delithiation process during cycling. [37,40,41] As the lithiation proceeds more deeply, the volume change becomes more severely for alloying anodes. For instance, the volume change of Sn (260%, Li 4.4 Sn) is larger than Al (97%, LiAl). The huge volume change could cause crack and pulverization of metal anodes, resulting in quick capacity decay and short cycling life. [42][43][44][45][46] Besides, metallic anode materials usually exhibited high first-cycle capacity loss due to their high reactivity withThe ever-growing market of portable electronic devices and electric vehicles has significantly stimulated research interests on new-generation rechargeable battery systems with high energy density, satisfying safety and low cost. With unique potentials to achieve high energy density and low cost, rechargeable batteries based on metal anodes are capable of storing more energy via an alloying/de-alloying process, in comparison to tradi...

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Influence of particle size and matrix in “metal” anodes for Li-ion cells

Cited by 31 publications

References 4 publications

Nanoscale Engineering for the Mechanical Integrity of Li‐Ion Electrode Materials

Nanoscale Engineering for the Mechanical Integrity of Li‐Ion Electrode Materials

Lead-based systems as suitable anode materials for Li-ion batteries

Low‐Cost Metallic Anode Materials for High Performance Rechargeable Batteries

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