Influence of peptides from pineal gland on thymus function with aging

Linkova, N. S.; Poliakova, V O; Trofimov, A. V.; Sevostianova, N. N.; Kvetnoĭ, I M

doi:10.1134/s2079057011030076

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…Later removal of the pineal also has aging promoting and delaying effects, giving life and death signals with the participation of thymus [125,126]. The effect of pineal to thymus could be done by pineal peptides [127] or melatonin. It seems likely a functional unity of pineal and thymus involution [79,124,128].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Immunoendocrine Thymus as a Pacemaker of Lifespan

Csaba¹

2016

Acta Microbiologica et Immunologica Hungarica

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The thymus develops from an endocrine area of the foregut, and retains the ancient potencies of this region. However, later it is populated by bone marrow originated lymphatic elements and forms a combined organ, which is a central part of the immune system as well as an influential element of the endocrine orchestra. Thymus produces self-hormones (thymulin, thymosin, thymopentin, and thymus humoral factor), which are participating in the regulation of immune cell transformation and selection, and also synthesizes hormones similar to that of the other endocrine glands such as melatonin, neuropeptides, and insulin, which are transported by the immune cells to the sites of requests (packed transport). Thymic (epithelial and immune) cells also have receptors for hormones which regulate them. This combined organ, which is continuously changing from birth to senescence seems to be a pacemaker of life. This function is basically regulated by the selection of self-responsive thymocytes as their complete destruction helps the development (up to puberty) and their gradual release in case of weakened control (after puberty) causes the erosion of cells and intercellular material, named aging. This means that during aging, self-destructive and non-protective immune activities are manifested under the guidance of the involuting thymus, causing the continuous irritation of cells and organs. Possibly the pineal body is the main regulator of the pacemaker, the neonatal removal of which results in atrophy of thymus and wasting disease and its later corrosion causes the insufficiency of thymus. The co-involution of pineal and thymus could determine the aging and the time of death without external intervention; however, external factors can negatively influence both of them.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Immunoendocrine Thymus as a Pacemaker of Lifespan

Csaba¹

2016

Acta Microbiologica et Immunologica Hungarica

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“…Linkova et al reported an influence of thymic peptides on PG and pineal peptides on TG. Importantly, removal of the PG induces decreases in thymus weight, the number of thymic cells and TG secretory functions [ 31 ]. The blockage of PG, induced by pharmacological treatments, also resulted in a decrease of the thymic hormone, thymulin, in the blood [ 302 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At the same time, the removal of PG in mice induces a decrease in weight, a complete destruction of the TG and the impairment of the immune system accompanied by wasting diseases [ 25 , 28 , 29 ]: these information confirm that the involution of the TG and PG goes hand in hand because they mutually influence each other in the context of immune system regulation and they act as a functional unit, known as the thymus-pineal axis (TG-PG axis) [ 30 , 31 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Thymus-Pineal Gland Axis: Revisiting Its Role in Human Life and Ageing

Rezzani

Franco

Hardeland

et al. 2020

IJMS

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For years the thymus gland (TG) and the pineal gland (PG) have been subject of increasingly in-depth studies, but only recently a link that can associate the activities of the two organs has been identified. Considering, on the one hand, the well-known immune activity of thymus and, on the other, the increasingly emerging immunological roles of circadian oscillators and the rhythmically secreted main pineal product, melatonin, many studies aimed to analyse the possible existence of an interaction between these two systems. Moreover, data confirmed that the immune system is functionally associated with the nervous and endocrine systems determining an integrated dynamic network. In addition, recent researches showed a similar, characteristic involution process both in TG and PG. Since the second half of the 20th century, evidence led to the definition of an effectively interacting thymus-pineal axis (TG-PG axis), but much has to be done. In this sense, the aim of this review is to summarize what is actually known about this topic, focusing on the impact of the TG-PG axis on human life and ageing. We would like to give more emphasis to the implications of this dynamical interaction in a possible therapeutic strategy for human health. Moreover, we focused on all the products of TG and PG in order to collect what is known about the role of peptides other than melatonin. The results available today are often unclear and not linear. These peptides have not been well studied and defined over the years. In this review we hope to awake the interest of the scientific community in them and in their future pharmacological applications.

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“…Ez hívta fel a figyelmet arra, hogy a tobozmirigy a thymus szabályozója, és ezt a több mint 40 éve általunk tett első megfigyelést [24,27] számos újabb adat tá-masztotta alá. Azóta az is kiderült, hogy a tobozmirigy rendkívül sokoldalú (antioxidáns, gyökfogó, gyulladás-gátló, de legfőképpen napi ritmust szabályozó) hormonja, a melatonin tartja fenn a kapcsolatot a tobozmirigy oldaláról, azonban a thymusban termelődő hormonok is hatnak a tobozmirigyre, tehát a szabályozás kétirányú, a melatonin dominanciájával [28]. A melatonin közvetle-nül, akár in vitro is, de leginkább közvetve a thymuson keresztül az egész immunrendszert befolyásolja (immunmoduláló hatás), mert szabályozza a thymushormonok (timozin és timulin) termelődését [29] melatoninmembránreceptorokon keresztül, amelyek a thymusban jelen vannak.…”

Section: A Tobozmirigy-thymus Kapcsolatokunclassified

A tobozmirigy-csecsemőmirigy rendszer szerepe az autoimmunitás, öregedés és élettartam szabályozásában

Csaba

2016

Orvosi Hetilap

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A csecsemőmirigy (thymus) immunoendokrin szerv, amelynek endokrin elemei által termelt hormonok elsősorban a szerv saját immunelemeire hatnak. Az immunrendszerben központi szerepet tölt be, újszülöttkori eltávolítása az immunrendszer és az egész szervezet összeomlásával jár. A thymus dajkasejtjei a csontvelő-eredetű lymphocytákat szelektálják és a sajátot idegenként felismerő (autoreaktív) sejteket még a thymusban elpusztítják, illetve az ugyancsak thymuseredetű Treg-sejtek a periférián elnyomják. A szerv involúciója már születés után elkezdődik, de csak a serdü-lőkor vége felé válik kifejezetté, mert addig az egyidejű fejlődési folyamatok túlkompenzálják. A pubertás utáni involúció inkább megengedi az autoreaktív sejtek életben maradását, felszaporodását és fokozott működését, ami fokozatosan koptatja, pusztítja a szervezet sejtjeit és sejt közötti állományát, ezzel előidézi az öregedés jelenségét. Az autoreaktív sejtek további fokozott működése okozza az autoimmun betegségeket és vezet a természetes halálhoz is. A thymus involúciója tehát nem a szervezet általános sorvadásának részjelensége, hanem annak okozója, ami az élettartam-pacemaker funkcióban mutatkozik meg. Az öregedés tehát felfogható egy thymusvezérelt lassú autoimmun folyamatnak. A tobozmirigy újszülöttkori eltávolítása a thymus degradációjához, az immunrendszer összeomlá-sához és a szervezet sorvadásához (wasting disease) vezet. A mirigy felnőttkori involúciója a thymus involúciójával párhuzamosan fut, így a két szerv funkcionális egységet képez. Valószínű, hogy a corpus pineale felelős a thymus involúciójáért, ezáltal annak élettartam-meghatározó szerepéért is. Az ismertetett adatok nem bizonyítják a tobozmirigy-csecsemőmirigy rendszer kizárólagos szerepét az öregedés és élettartam meghatározásában, csak felhívják a figyelmet arra, hogy ez a rendszer önmagában is alkalmas a feladat elvégzésére. Orv. Hetil., 2016, 157(27), 1065-1070. Kulcsszavak: tobozmirigy, csecsemőmirigy, öregedés, élettartam, immunitás, autoimmun betegségek, immunszelekció, immunöregedésThe role of the pineal-thymus system in the regulation of autoimmunity, aging and lifespan Thymus is an immunoendocrine organ, the hormones of which mainly influence its own lymphatic elements. It has a central role in the immune system, the neonatal removal causes the collapse of immune system and the whole organism. The thymic nurse cells select the bone marrow originated lymphocytes and destroy the autoreactive ones, while thymus originated Treg cells suppress the autoreactive cells in the periphery. The involution of the organ starts after birth, however, this truly happens in the end of puberty only, as before this it is overcompensated by developmental processes. From the end of adolescence the involution allows the life, proliferation and enhanced functioning of some autoreactive cells, which gradually wear down the cells and intercellular materials, causing the aging. The enhanced and mass function of autoreactive cells lead to the autoimmune diseases and natural death. This means that ...

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Influence of peptides from pineal gland on thymus function with aging

Cited by 8 publications

References 4 publications

The Immunoendocrine Thymus as a Pacemaker of Lifespan

The Immunoendocrine Thymus as a Pacemaker of Lifespan

Thymus-Pineal Gland Axis: Revisiting Its Role in Human Life and Ageing

A tobozmirigy-csecsemőmirigy rendszer szerepe az autoimmunitás, öregedés és élettartam szabályozásában

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