Influence of phosphorus valency on thermal behaviour of flame retarded polyurethane foams

Lorenzetti, Alessandra; Modesti, Michele; Besco, Stefano; Hrelja, Denis; Donadi, S.

doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2011.05.012

Cited by 129 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The time delays between release and detection of gaseous compounds has previously been shown to be about 2 minutes for TGA/MS analyses and about 1 minute for TGA/FTIR analyses 15 . The MS spectra were acquired in the range from 35 to 150 a.m.u to avoid the influence of nitrogen and oxygen while FTIR spectra were acquired every 60 sec in the range from 4000 to 400 cm -1 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of dual functional ionic liquids on the thermal degradation of poly(vinyl chloride)

Lorenzetti

Choi

Roso

et al. 2016

Polymer Degradation and Stability

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Copyright and reuse:The Warwick Research Archive Portal (WRAP) makes this work by researchers of the University of Warwick available open access under the following conditions. Copyright © and all moral rights to the version of the paper presented here belong to the individual author(s) and/or other copyright owners. To the extent reasonable and practicable the material made available in WRAP has been checked for eligibility before being made available.Copies of full items can be used for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge. Provided that the authors, title and full bibliographic details are credited, a hyperlink and/or URL is given for the original metadata page and the content is not changed in any way. This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. M A N U S C R I P T A C C E P T E D ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Effect of dual functional ionic liquids on the thermal degradation of poly(vinyl chloride)Alessandra Lorenzetti M A N U S C R I P T A C C E P T E D ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT AbstractThe short-term thermal stability of PVC on addition of functional ionic liquids (ILs) based on phosphonium and pyridinium cations, and a docusate anion, was studied using FTIR, TGA-MS and TGA-FTIR. The thermal stability of PVC plasticized with these ILs is reduced and the activation energy for thermal degradation for the first step of PVC degradation lowered, relative to neat PVC. This feature is not dependent on the thermal stability of the IL itself, as their addition to neat PVC did not result in increased thermal stability of the resin. Analysis of the gases evolved during thermal degradation showed that there is no variation in the mechanism of PVC degradation in the presence of ILs, the only difference observed is that HCl is evolved at lower temperatures for PVC-ILs samples. The ILs had no effect on the second step of the thermal degradation of PVC. The decrease in the thermal stability of PVC-ILs is associated with two different effects: firstly, the anion weakens the C-H bond while the cation forms complexes and weakens the C-Cl bond; second, the IL interaction with the polymer chains partly substitutes the interaction between the polymer chain and heat stabilizers (e.g. stearates) added to the PVC compound. In this way, the latter tends to be expelled from the bulk polymer, thus not being available for PVC stabilization at high temperature. Heat stabilizer migration is related to the solvating power of the ILs: the higher the solvating power, the higher the migration of heat stabilizer, the lower the thermal stability of the polymer.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of dual functional ionic liquids on the thermal degradation of poly(vinyl chloride)

Lorenzetti

Choi

Roso

et al. 2016

Polymer Degradation and Stability

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“…The first occurs in the range 200-400°C (attaining a maximum at 321°C) with a weight loss equal to 40 %, and the second occurs in the range 440-650°C (attaining a maximum at 565°C) with a 60 % mass loss. According to the literature [22][23][24][25], the first weight loss is due to the breaking of urethane links, and starts at 200°C, leading to the formation of CO 2 , alcohols, amines, aldehydes, CO, etc., and the second stage is due to the polyol decomposition. The composite and hybrid foams-based cement showed, conversely, three degradation steps: the first weight loss (18 wt% ca.…”

Section: Acoustic Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydration-induced reinforcement of rigid polyurethane–cement foams: mechanical and functional properties

et al. 2012

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Mechanical and functional properties of a newly proposed hybrid foam based on rigid polyurethane foam and Portland cement for application in the building field are herein reported. The hybrid is characterized by the co-continuity of the two phases, hydrated cement and polyurethane, which cooperate in a synergistic way to the properties of the resulting material. Furthermore, the closed-cell foam structure gives the material properties typical of porous materials: in particular, the hybrid foam evidences thermal insulation, sound absorption and acoustic insulation, high impact energy and low density typical of polymeric foams. At the same time, the hybrid foam exhibits water vapor permeability, improvement of thermal stability, high compressive mechanical behavior, and adhesion to concrete and mortars typical of inorganic binders such as cement. The materials were obtained by mixing cement powder with polyurethane foam precursors, i.e., methylene di(phenyl-isocyanate), polyol polyether and catalysts, and silicone surfactants. Water was used as blowing reagent. The resulting compounds were foamed in flat closed molds. The cement phase was then allowed to hydrate in accelerated conditions, i.e., in water at 60 °C for 72 h. Mechanical, morphological, and functional charac- terization showed that the hydrated cement particles interacted with each other, forming an inorganic network within the polymeric matrix (co-continuity), thus ‘‘hydration-induced reinforcement of polymer–cement’’ hybrid foam, in contraposition with the term ‘‘composite foam.’

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“…With respect to FPUR-PIR, solid residues of FPUR-PIR filled with zinc salts showed peaks at 728 cm 21 and 1121 cm 21 which were attributed to metal phosphate. 24 All spectra of residues contained a strong peak at 1528 cm 21 and a weak peak at 3050 cm 21 , which were attributed to aromatic compounds. In addition, FPUR-PIR filled with zinc salts showed a strong peak at 803 cm 21 (attributed to PAOAC), and FPUR-PIR filled with ZA was stronger than the others at this peak.…”

Section: Morphology and Chemical Composition Of The Charmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…24 The second mass loss was due to degradation of the polymer chain and the third mass loss stage was due to the further degradation of the char residue which degradates only at higher temperatures. In these cases, many types of products were released such as CO, CO 2 (2352, 2310 cm ) and others, [25][26][27] as shown in Table IV.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Smoke and toxicity suppression by zinc salts in flame‐retardant polyurethane‐polyisocyanurate foams filled with phosphonate and chlorinated phosphate

Liu

Zhou

Hao

et al. 2014

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Three types of zinc salts, ZnAl 2 O 4 , ZnFe 2 O 4, and Zn 2 SiO 4, were prepared by coprecipitation. Potential smoke and toxicity suppression by zinc salts in flame-retardant polyurethane-polyisocyanurate foams (FPUR-PIR) with dimethylmethylphosphonate (DMMP) and tris (2-chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP) were investigated. The crystal structure and dispersity of zinc salts in FPUR-PIR were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Smoke density, flame retardancy, and thermal degradation were studied using smoke density rating (SDR), limiting oxygen index (LOI), the cone calorimeter test, and thermogravimetry coupled with FTIR spectrophotometry (TGA-FTIR). The results indicated that pure zinc salts were obtained and evenly dispersed on the cell wall of FPUR-PIR. SDR and the specific extinction area (SEA) were significantly decreased, the time to second heat release rate peak (pk-HRR) of FRUP-PIR was delayed after incorporation of the zinc salts; zinc salts partially inhibited phosphorus oxide release into the gas phase, enhanced the condensed phase effect of phosphorus, reduced, and prolonged the release of isocyanate compound and hydrogen cyanide from FRUP-PIR; due to an increase in the amount of char residues, which indicated the suppression of smoke and toxicity volatiles. ZnFe 2 O 4 resulted in better char formation at the initial degradation stage of FPUR-PIR, and ZnAl 2 O 4 retained more phosphorus in the solid phase at higher temperature.

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Influence of phosphorus valency on thermal behaviour of flame retarded polyurethane foams

Cited by 129 publications

References 13 publications

Effect of dual functional ionic liquids on the thermal degradation of poly(vinyl chloride)

Effect of dual functional ionic liquids on the thermal degradation of poly(vinyl chloride)

Hydration-induced reinforcement of rigid polyurethane–cement foams: mechanical and functional properties

Smoke and toxicity suppression by zinc salts in flame‐retardant polyurethane‐polyisocyanurate foams filled with phosphonate and chlorinated phosphate

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