Influence of physico-chemical properties of chitin and chitosan on complement activation

Histological study on the effect of topical application of glucosamine on wound healing in rats

“…However, Ashkani-Esfahani et al [31] found that the difference in angiogenesis between the GA-treated and control groups was not statistically significant. In accordance with the results of the present study, a previous study demonstrated that chitosan indirectly promotes angiogenesis through complement activation and secretion of IL-8, a neutrophil chemoattractant, by fibroblasts [33].…”

Complement Activation by Core–Shell Poly(isobutylcyanoacrylate)–Polysaccharide Nanoparticles: Influences of Surface Morphology, Length, and Type of Polysaccharide

“…Other studies reported that chitosan-bearing surfaces exhibited an adsorption of proteins but no complement activation (39). In another way, chitin and chitosan were reported to activate the alternative complement pathway when they were bound on solid surfaces, but as watersoluble materials, they did not activate the complement system (39,40). After intravenous administration, chitosanbased nanoparticles were shown to avoid in vivo recognition by the mononuclear phagocyte system (41Y43).…”

“…The higher protection against complement activation observed with chitosan could be due either to an improved steric repulsion or to an inhibition of complement activation by chitosan. Some polyanions and polycations were described as inhibitors of complement (44,45), but this was not the case for chitosan, which was described to be an activator of the alternative pathway of complement (37,39,40). Thus, it appears that an improved steric repulsion, rather than an inhibition of complement, is more likely to explain the increased capacity to reduce complement activation by the chitosan brush at the nanoparticle surface.…”

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“…Even though chitosan is insoluble at neutral and alkaline pH, it can form water-soluble salts with inorganic and organic acids including glutamic, hydrochloric, lactic and acetic acids 11 . The most generally used is 1% acetic acid solution at about pH 4.0 as a reference.…”