Influence of Preterm Birth and Low Birthweight on Physical Fitness: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression

Abstract

Background Preterm birth and low birthweight (LBW) might be associated with reduced physical fitness, although evidence remains inconclusive. Objective To examine the influence of preterm birth and LBW on physical fitness, as well as to assess whether variables such as gestational age, birthweight, or age at assessment moderate these effects. Methods PubMed, Scopus, and PsycINFO were systematically searched from inception to 7 December 2023 for case–control and cohort studies analyzing the association between preterm birth or LBW (or gestational age or birthweight as continuous variables) with at least one physical fitness-related outcome (i.e., cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), muscle strength, flexibility, speed, agility). Random-effects meta-analysis and meta-regression models were used to estimate the pooled effect size, as well as to examine potential associations between the magnitude of the effect and gestational age, birthweight, or age at assessment. Results Fifty-two studies (n = 920,603 participants, average age ranging from 4.7 to 34.4 years) were included. Preterm birth was associated with reduced CRF (standardized mean difference (SMD) = −0.38, 95% confidence interval (CI) = −0.51 to −0.25) and muscle strength (SMD = −0.44, 95% CI = −0.79 to −0.08). LBW was associated with reduced CRF (SMD = −0.40, 95% CI = −0.64 to −0.17), muscle strength (SMD = −0.18, 95% CI = −0.24 to −0.13), flexibility (SMD = −0.11, 95% CI = −0.22 to −0.01), and agility (SMD = −0.99, 95% CI = −1.91 to −0.07). Meta-regression analyses showed that a lower gestational age or birthweight were associated with larger reductions in physical fitness, whereas no consistent association was found for the age at assessment. Conclusion Both preterm birth and LBW seem associated with reduced physical fitness regardless of age, with larger reductions overall observed in individuals with lower gestational age or birthweight. These findings might support the implementation of preventive strategies (e.g., fitness monitoring and physical exercise interventions) in these populations through the life course. PROSPERO registration: CRD42021231845. Graphical Abstract