Influence of prey depletion and human disturbance on tiger occupancy in <scp>N</scp>epal

Barber‐Meyer, Shannon M.; Jnawali, Shant Raj; Karki, Jhamak Bahadur; Khanal, Pradeep; Lohani, Shubash; Long, Barney; MacKenzie, Darryl I.; Pandav, Bivash; Pradhan, Narendra Man Babu; Shrestha, Rinjan; Subedi, Naresh; Thapa, Gokarna Jung; Thapa, Kanchan; Wikramanayake, Eric

doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2012.00956.x

Cited by 70 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Barber‐Meyer et al . ), the configuration of the river, the fluctuations in water levels (natural and human‐induced), the period when sampling is conducted or the meteorological conditions (e.g. Aing et al .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial replicates as an alternative to temporal replicates for occupancy modelling when surveys are based on linear features of the landscape

Charbonnel

D’Amico

Besnard

et al. 2014

Journal of Applied Ecology

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Summary1. Occupancy estimates can inform biodiversity managers about the distribution of elusive species, such as the Pyrenean desman Galemys pyrenaicus, a small semi-aquatic mammal that lives along streams. Occupancy models rely on replication within a sampling site and provide estimates of the probability of detection. However, we still do not know how occupancy and detection estimates obtained from spatial vs. temporal replications differ or the appropriateness of using one or the other when cost and logistics make one approach prohibitive. Recently, the Markovian occupancy model has been developed to analyse adjacent spatial replicates and to test for spatial dependence between them. This model has already been applied to large and highly mobile mammals using trails, but never tested for any species with linear home ranges. 2. We compared detection and occupancy estimates obtained from both temporal and spatial sampling designs that were subsequently organized into four data configurations (sites with both spatial and temporal replicates, adjacent spatial replicates only, temporal replicates only at the segment and site scales). From that, five occupancy models with different assumptions (the standard occupancy model, the standard multiscale model, the multiscale model with Markovian process for detection, the Markovian detection model and the Markovian occupancy model) were used. We also assessed which occupancy model was the most appropriate for each data configuration to determine whether it is necessary to incorporate correlation into models. 3. We found that the estimated detection probabilities were relatively high (≥0Á58) and similar when the same model was applied to each data configuration. 4. Spatial replication weakly underestimated occupancy. But when using this design, the Markovian occupancy model was the most supported and minimized the underestimation of occupancy, highlighting a spatial dependence between adjacent replicates. 5. Synthesis and applications. We show that a survey based on adjacent spatial replicates for a mammal living along linear features of the landscape is a good compromise between cost and occupancy estimates, while using the Markovian occupancy model to estimate detection and occupancy. Our finding may have wider applications for the monitoring of species especially *Correspondence author. E-mail: anais.charbonnel@espaces-naturels.fr Journal of Applied Ecology 2014Ecology , 51, 1425Ecology -1433Ecology doi: 10.1111Ecology /1365Ecology -2664 when temporal replicates are difficult or unrealistic. Spatial design, for surveys based on sign detection, could thus be applied for species with linear home ranges or when surveys are constrained by linear habitats.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial replicates as an alternative to temporal replicates for occupancy modelling when surveys are based on linear features of the landscape

Charbonnel

D’Amico

Besnard

et al. 2014

Journal of Applied Ecology

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“…However, competition with humans may alter trophic-based habitat relationships for predators, resulting in reduced habitat availability (Mitchell & Hebblewhite, 2012;Ripple et al, 2014). For instance, anthropogenic disturbance influences home-range level habitat selection by cougars, Puma concolor, (Dickson & Beier, 2002), wolves, Canis lupus, (Rich, Mitchell, Gude & Sime, 2012) and tigers, Panthera tigris (Barber-Meyer et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of Prey, Pastoralism and Poaching on the Hierarchical Use of Habitat by an Apex Predator

Everatt¹,

Andresen²,

Somers³

2015

African Journal of Wildlife Research

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As an apex predator, habitat selection by African lions, Panthera leo, is primarily determined by bottom-up processes; however, increasing anthropogenic pressures may alter these relationships. Using camera traps and track surveys in the Limpopo National Park, Mozambique, we collected detection/non-detection data of lions and their prey and combined these with occurrence data on bushmeat poaching activities and spatial data on agro-pastoralist land use and other landscape features. We used hierarchical modelling within an occupancy framework to determine the relative influences of ecological variables on resource use and non-use by lions at two spatial scales. Habitat use by lions was most strongly influenced by the occurrence of their preferred prey across both spatial scales. However, lions were strongly negatively predicted by bushmeat poaching at the finer spatial scale and generally negatively predicted by agro-pastoralist activities at the coarser scale. Restricting our analysis to the home-range scale would have greatly underestimated the impact of bushmeat poaching on the ecology of lions. The results of our study illustrate the trophic dependency of prey resources to lions and the importance of considering scale when investigating species habitat use. Importantly, our study also demonstrates the limiting influence of bushmeat poaching on the use of habitat by an apex predator.

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“…Global spatial analyses show >70% of wild tigers now live and reproduce in 6% of source habitats in protected reserves, and their survival in surrounding landscape sinks depends on replenishment from sources (2)(3)(4). The sober reality is that the species has been extirpated from 93% of its former range because of conflict-ridden coexistence with humans.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…At other ecologically comparable sites, such as Kaziranga and Corbett (2), which curtail human uses, tiger densities are five-times higher (17-19 tigers per 100 km 2 ). Even in Chitwan, tiger densities were much higher historically, under stricter regulation of extractive uses (4).…”

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confidence: 99%

Sinks as saviors: Why flawed inference cannot assist tiger recovery

et al. 2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Influence of prey depletion and human disturbance on tiger occupancy in Nepal

Cited by 70 publications

References 22 publications

Spatial replicates as an alternative to temporal replicates for occupancy modelling when surveys are based on linear features of the landscape

Spatial replicates as an alternative to temporal replicates for occupancy modelling when surveys are based on linear features of the landscape

The Influence of Prey, Pastoralism and Poaching on the Hierarchical Use of Habitat by an Apex Predator

Sinks as saviors: Why flawed inference cannot assist tiger recovery

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