Influence of process variables on the characteristics of friction‐stir‐welded polyamide 6,6 joints

Nandhini, R.; Moorthy, M. Kesava; Muthukumaran, S.; Kumaran, S.

doi:10.1002/mawe.201800119

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The subsequent cooling rate was also slow. The heat was concentrated around the tool and heat flux on top surface of base materials was limited [65]. These observations confirmed that the temperature distribution during LFSW of polymers is much different as compared to that observed in metals.…”

Section: Process Monitoringsupporting

confidence: 64%

Friction Stir Welding and Friction Spot Stir Welding Processes of Polymers—State of the Art

2020

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In the last decade, the friction stir welding of polymers has been increasingly investigated by the means of more and more sophisticated approaches. Since the early studies, which were aimed at proving the feasibility of the process for polymers and identifying suitable processing windows, great improvements have been achieved. This owes to the increasing care of academic researchers and industrial demands. These improvements have their roots in the promising results from pioneer studies; however, they are also the fruits of the adoption of more comprehensive approaches and the multidisciplinary analyses of results. The introduction of instrumented machines has enabled the online measurement of processing loads and temperature, and critical understanding of the principal aspects affecting the material flow and welds quality. Such improvements are also clearly demonstrated by the increase of the strength of recent joints (up to 99% of joining efficiency) as compared to those reached in early researches (almost 47%). This article provides a comprehensive review of the recent progresses on the process fundamentals, quality assessment and the influence of process parameters on the mechanical behavior. In addition, emphasis is given to new developments and future perspectives.

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Section: Process Monitoringsupporting

confidence: 64%

Friction Stir Welding and Friction Spot Stir Welding Processes of Polymers—State of the Art

2020

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“…Polyamide polymers are widely used in many aspects of modern life such as mechanical, electrical, and sanitary engineering [ 1 ], in the automotive [ 2 ] and construction industries, and in medical technology, e.g., for artificial joints [ 3 ], surgical instruments, and as suture material [ 1 ]. Additionally, polyamide 6 (PA6) is used for food and medical packaging [ 4 ] and for composite materials [ 5 , 6 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasma Supported Deposition of Amorphous Hydrogenated Carbon (a-C:H) on Polyamide 6: Determining Interlayer Completion and Dehydrogenation Effects during Layer Growth

et al. 2021

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Polyamide 6 (PA6) is a commonly used material in many different sectors of modern industry. Herein, PA6 samples were coated with amorphous carbon layers (a-C:H) with increasing thickness up to 2 µm using radio frequency plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition for surface adjustment. The morphology of the carbon coatings was inspected by ex situ atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Surface wettability was checked by contact angle measurements. The chemical composition was analyzed using the surface sensitive synchrotron X-ray-based techniques near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, supported by diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy. Particular attention was paid to the coating interval from 0 to 100 nm, to specify the interlayer thickness between the PA6 polymer and a-C:H coating, and the region between 1000 and 2000 nm, where dehydrogenation of the a-C:H layer occurs. The interlayer is decisive for the linkage of the deposited carbon layer on the polymer: the more pronounced it is, the better the adhesion. The thickness of the interlayer could be narrowed down to 40 nm in all used methods, and the dehydrogenation process takes place at a layer thickness of 1500 nm.

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“…The suitable revolution pitch values are in the order PVC < HDPE < PA6, and the maximum joint strength efficiency was achieved for HDPE (70%), followed by PVC (45%) and PA6 (35%). Few of the studies have used other pin profile tools like frustum pin [112], tapered cylindrical pin [113], threaded conical pin [114], and milling tool with grooves [115].…”

Section: Butt-joint Configurationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The ANOVA results of all the studies are summarized in Table 8. Several thermoplastic materials have been investigated for butt-joint FSW, which include HDPE [1], Nylon-66 [99], glass-filled Nylon 6 (30 wt.%) [104], HMWPE (Teflon stationary shoulder tool with threaded pin) [168], polyamide-6,6 (tapered cylindrical pin) [113], and ABS (3D-printed, wooden stationary shoulder) [43]. All these studies have suggested that rotational speed is the first and traverse speed is the second most influential parameters that affect joint strength.…”

Section: Statistical-based Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Figure 6. Percentage contribution of parameters for joint strength (tensile) of butt-joint FSW (MDPE[95], HDPE[1], PA66[99], PMMA[122], HMWPE[168], Glass-filled PA6 (30 wt.%)[104], PA6,6[113], ABS[43]), lap-joint FSW (HDPE[151], PP-CF20[148]), and FSSW (HDPE[157,165], PP[158]). AF = AxialForce, DT = Dwell Time, HTC = Heat Transfer Coefficient, PlD = Plunge Depth, RS = Rotational Speed, TA = Tilt Angle, TD = Tool Diameter, TS = Traverse Speed.…”

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confidence: 99%

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A Comprehensive Review on Optimal Welding Conditions for Friction Stir Welding of Thermoplastic Polymers and Their Composites

et al. 2021

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Friction stir welding (FSW) and friction stir spot welding (FSSW) techniques are becoming widely popular joining techniques because of their increasing potential applications in automotive, aerospace, and other structural industries. These techniques have not only successfully joined similar and dissimilar metal and polymer parts but have also successfully developed polymer-metallic hybrid joints. This study classifies the literature available on the FSW and FSSW of thermoplastic polymers and polymer composites on the basis of joining materials (similar or dissimilar), joint configurations, tooling conditions, medium conditions, and study types. It provides a state-of-the-art and detailed review of the experimental studies available on the FSW and FSSW between similar thermoplastics. The mechanical properties of FSW (butt- and lap-joint configurations) and FSSW weld joints depend on various factors. These factors include the welding process parameters (tool rotational speed, tool traverse speed, tool tilt angle, etc.), base material, tool geometry (pin and shoulder size, pin profile, etc.) and tool material, and medium conditions (submerged, non-submerged, heat-assisted tooling, cooling-assisted tooling). Because of the dependence on many factors, it is difficult to optimize the welding conditions to obtain a high-quality weld joint with superior mechanical properties. The general guidelines are established by reviewing the available literature. These guidelines, if followed, will help to achieve high-quality weld joints with least defects and superior mechanical properties. Apart from parametric-based studies, the statistical-based studies (e.g., analysis of variance (ANOVA)-based studies) are covered, which helps with the determination of the influential parameters that affect the FSW and FSSW weld joint strength. Also, the optimal ranges of the most influential process parameters for different thermoplastic materials are established. The current work on the development of general guidelines and determination of influential parameters and their operating ranges from published literature can help with designing smart future experimental studies for obtaining the global optimum welding conditions. The gaps in the available literature and recommendations for future studies are also discussed.

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Influence of process variables on the characteristics of friction‐stir‐welded polyamide 6,6 joints

Cited by 9 publications

References 18 publications

Friction Stir Welding and Friction Spot Stir Welding Processes of Polymers—State of the Art

Friction Stir Welding and Friction Spot Stir Welding Processes of Polymers—State of the Art

Plasma Supported Deposition of Amorphous Hydrogenated Carbon (a-C:H) on Polyamide 6: Determining Interlayer Completion and Dehydrogenation Effects during Layer Growth

A Comprehensive Review on Optimal Welding Conditions for Friction Stir Welding of Thermoplastic Polymers and Their Composites

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